Brave New World & human story

The book â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley begins describing the tour of the Conditioning Centre and the Central London Hatchery. Huxley writes that in the year of Our Ford 632 rational systems of society organizing were very popular. The birth process seemed to be mechanized and, moreover, strict societal hierarchy dominated, and the different societal casts were condition from the very start of their lives to accept their destiny of either rich or poor. Repression and persecution weren’t observed as all people followed the laws and orders set by governmental apparatus of security state.Huxley assumes that population was biologically bent and chemically conditioned from the birth. The first two chapters of the book are devoted to walkthrough of this human factory. The author is willing to make people understand better the technical foundation of society and to provide the background for drama to happen in the future. Huxley assumes that people freely rejected the ir history, maturity and autonomy in order to become oppressed by technologies which were gradually destroying their capacities to think. The third chapter continues setting the stage for drama and provides overview of different viewpoints.This chapter is important as the author introduces the main characters. The book is a human story centered on the destiny of Bernard Marx. Marx is shown as a person who isn’t suited restricted and fully controlled pacified world. Marx has other ideas about societal order and he doesn’t want to be similar to others. Despite the fact that Bernard is Alpha meaning he belongs to the highest hierarchical level, he doesn’t seem to be content with the order. Marx decided to take Lenina for vacation at a Reservation in New-Mexico. Lenina is a woman with strong belief of status quo.Lenina and Marx get acquainted with a young man named Savage. Savage return to polite society with Marx and Lenin and the rest of the book is devoted to ill ustrating how Savage is trying to encounter with civilization. The author often refers to satirical devices to increase the intensity with the story progression. Moreover, metaphors in the book seem to be extreme: for example, the author describes that people have to make the sign â€Å"T† and to refer to their deity as â€Å"Our Ford†. Further, we see that Huxley describes Savage as sympathetic character.For example, his mother is extremely unhappy and dies when returning to civilization and we will sorry seeing Savage’s despair. With book progression the author links Bernard Marx with the corrosive forces of civilization. For example, Marx displays his true essence when he decided to bow to the World Controller’s will. Nevertheless, Marx is the only character in the book who seems to be pitied, even though his choices are always shaped by society. Lenina is the pawn of Fordian society, and he relations with Savage seem to have no perspective because soc iety assembled its own perspective for her future.One more interesting character in the book is Mustapha Mond who is the Resident World Controller for Western Europe. Mond is educated as Savage and likes reading Shakespeare. Mond often exhort Savage arguing: â€Å"You can't play Electro-Magnetic Golf according to the rules of Centrifugal Bumble-puppy†. (p. 194) In such a way the author manages to present unique character to eradicate fully the sense of happiness. Huxley worries about human state of mind and decided to put the sense of happiness into materialistic paradigm.Sense of happiness is a method of control aimed at justifying as what population wants. Huxley clearly shows that technologies would change and destroy everything humane. Huxley underlines that there is no way out of existing system which will distort human characters. The book is very interesting, sharp and unrelenting in its satirical depictions. The book has endured because the author depicted in details the order in totalitarian state and showed that technologies would yield full control of biology. References Huxley, Aldous. (2001). Brave New World. New York: Voyager Classics.

Michele A. Paludi’s “Sexual Harassment in College” Essay

True or false? Many people believe that sexual harassment only involves physical assault. False! I don’t know where Dr. Paludi got this red herring of a definition from so that she could attack it, but sexual harassment had always meant quid pro quo, grades for sex, or, in the workplace, sexual favors to get the job or a raise. In either case, force was rarely needed. Regie T. has looked up both Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Education Act of 1972, and even without input from the ongoing debate, I can see that according to federal law, sexual harassment is wide open to interpretation. College policies? Same unhelpful and confusing statements. Staring at students, complimenting them, calling them â€Å"dear†, ‘uncomfortable’ witticism, having a lesson on the unclothed female figure–all these ‘harassing’ behaviors have been used to fire professors. Even fully consensual love affairs weren’t safe, once some third party found out, got offended, and found time to complain. I believe people do have a clear understanding of what constitutes sexual harassment all right. True or false? Frequently individuals are told that sexual harassment is a rare occurence or that the campus has never filed for it against an individual. True. I inquired at Valley College’s VP for Student Services and its response was that in the past five years, only two students had filed sexual harassment complaints against anybody, the last being in 2001. In my public speaking class at that institution last spring, I witnessed an incident where the instructor told a pregnant student to ‘waddle down’ to the front. The student said it wasn’t funny, broke down in tears, and the instructor apologized. Previously, this student also cried when a guy called her fat. At the end of the term, I overheard her say, after not getting an ‘A’ in the class, that she might complain to the dean. I’m sure that had she had been included in one of those surveys on verbal abuse, she would’ve reported to having been sexually harassed. True or false? There is a common myth that there is a â€Å"typical† harasser who can be identified by his blatant and obvious mistreatment of many women. Maybe before; now it’s False. One of Paludi’s sources which I’ve read, Billie Dziech and Linda Weiner’s standard harassment text, has been  brainwashing women for almost 20 years. It warns against The Lecherous Professor who could be of any imaginable type, from a stylish â€Å"public harasser,† a conservative â€Å"private harasser,† a nice â€Å"Counselor-Helper,† or even a smart â€Å"Intellectual Seducer.† As more women are exposed to this book, we can’t really blame them when they start suspecting everyone except the garden variety pathological and abnormally-behaving instructor. As UCLA Professor, cultural critic, and all-woman Cristina Nehring put it: â€Å"[G]ive a group of indifferently successful individuals of either sex a glass through which to view themselves as very important victims, limited in their success not by the modesty of their own talents but by the ubiquitous insidiousness of the â€Å"system,† and chances are good they will learn to use it. Mix in the resentment of a relationship gone awry, or a relationship desired but never obtained, and you begin to understand the source of a good number of sexual-harassment charges. Add to this a potent financial bait (women have reaped considerable rewards through harassment suits in which the burden of disproof was on the defendant and institutional sympathy entirely with the accuser), and the attraction of such charges becomes still clearer.† True or false? Women may not label their experiences as sexual harassment even though the experiences meet the legal definition of this form of victimization. False. Today, there is such a thing as too much awareness. Again, Nehring answered this best: â€Å"In our enlightened contemporary university, men walk on eggshells and women run from shadows. Every gesture is suspect: if a colleague compliments you on your dress, it smacks of sexism; if a professor is friendly, he is readying you for future sexual abuse. There is no kindness so innocent that women educated in the â€Å"patterns† of harassment cannot recognize it as an instance of the newly identified activity experts refer to as â€Å"grooming† the victim for the kill. Academic encouragement, easy jesting, an affectionate epithet–all of what used to be the currency of good fellowship as well as teaching–have become cause for vigilance, fodder for complaint, the stuff of suits.† If there was ever a woman’s issue that deserves a backlash, it is sexual harassment; unfortunately the backlash has appeared in other battlegrounds where there are real women victims, such as rape, incest and child molestation, but not this one. Feminists have already won–the occasional true harasser is easily identified and thrown out of office, But in making all college female students out to be weak and resourceless victims, and all male faculty as closet villains, the regular classrooms are now fearfully and boringly intolerable for everyone; they should be now left alone. Sexual harassment remains a major problem in high school and in the workplace, but I just don’t see it being one in college anymore. Work Cited Nehring, Cristina. â€Å"The Higher Yearning.† Harper’s Magazine 303.1816 (2001): 64-72.

A Comparative Analysis O F The Education System In China And The USA

A Comparative Analysis O F The Education System In China And The USA Primary education is the foundation in educational systems no matter in USA or China. Basic language skills, mathematical skills and scientific concepts are introduced to children at ages 4-7. Children continue to build on these concepts through to the age of 12 or 13 until they finish primary education and receive higher education. Still, similarities and differences can be found between the two countries of primary education. Primary education in China includes preschool and elementary education. Preschool can last up to three years, with children entering as early as age 3, until age 6, when they typically enter elementary school. To compare with primary education in the United States typically refers to the first six years of formal education in most jurisdictions. Primary education may also be referred to as elementary education and most schools offering these programs are referred to as elementary schools. But for USA the preschool programs are less formal and usually not mandated by law, are generally not considered part of primary education. The first year of primary education is commonly referred to as kindergarten and begins at age 5. Subsequent years are usually numbered being referred to as first grade, second grade, and so forth. The United States of America primary school usually offers a basic core subjects which are language, mathematics, science, social, sports and health, music and art education. Apart from sports, music, arts and crafts needing to the fixed site or the classroom, which can be discharged outside of class, the other sections are taught in a class by a teacher. Most schools also have no fixed schedule, only by the teacher’s master and arrangement. Unlike â€Å"learning† is the crucial factor of USA primary education, in China â€Å"teaching† is the crucial factor. We also have the courses of language, mathematics, science, social, sports and health, music and art education, but primary school must use the same textbook, teachers have no power to change it. And teaching quality is judged by other teachers. In this aspect, teacher would choose what they consider to be â€Å"useful† to teach their students. But it turns out that is not useful in their real life, bu t only in the exam. There are dig differences between USA and China in terms of primary education. The primary education in USA place emphasis on diversity and free learning atmosphere, and the life principle is that -play, learn, grow and together, which is what we lack and need to modestly study. While there is no strict core system in the content of the curriculum, happy growth reduce to follow one’s own inclination. In conclusion, each has its own merits. All we need to do is learn from each other, take the essence and discard the dregs, and grow together.

Community Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Community Assessment - Research Paper Example v. Health Promotional activities undertaken in recent months vi. Whether the quality of health services is good vii. What are the major health problems viii. How many care takers are employed in the township ix. What is the level of depression x. How often the family members visit Senior Citizens xi. Whether the residents are emotionally happy xii. Which are the activities undertaken to keep them physically and emotionally happy 2. Nutritional Metabolic Pattern : (Survey dated 04.09.2007) The aim of this study was to find characteristic differences between nutritional habits of elderly people living in South Towne Ranch Retirement living . Method: 266 elderly people (109 men >65 years, and 157 women >60 years) were consecutively selected and questioned about eating habits , lifestyle and food frequency . Medical check-up, and laboratory tests were also performed. i. Whether the elderly people are well nourished ii. What are the nutritional habits of Senior Citizens iii. What is the average food purchased by each Senior Citizen iv. Whether the food stores are available nearby v. What are the food preferences among men and women living in this township vi. What is the average water consumption of each Senior Citizen vii. Whether water supply is adequate viii. What is the average weight of people living in this township ix. How many of them are obese 3. Elimination Pattern (Survey dated 05.09.2007) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental health of South Towne Ranch township . The survey included healthy elderly members . Survey : i. Whether the Air is pollution free ii. What is the percentage of Carbon Dioxide in the Air iii. Whether the environment is...Major highways and shopping are right around the block. South Towne mall, Utah's largest shopping destination, with two levels of over 150 specialty shops and restaurants is only a half-mile away! Several 18 hole championship golf courses are nearby as well, including a number of signature courses designed by professionals. Some of the top skiing resorts in the nation, Snow Bird, Alta, Brighton, Solitude - are each only 45 minutes away. This location is also only an hour and a half from Park City - where the 2002 Winter Olympics were held ! The purpose of this survey was to describe the health status of the elderly in South Towne Ranch Retirement living .The participants were asked to rate their health. About 10.5% of the sample perceived that their health was excellent, 63.6% good, while 26% believed that their health was poor.When asked to compare their health to other people,51.7% believed their health was similar to others, 22.6% considered it to be better than others, 18.3% considered their health worse than others and 7.4% could not say. Method: 266 elderly people (109 men >65 years, and 157 women >60 years) were consecutively selected and questioned about eating habits , lifestyle and food frequency . Medical check-up, and laboratory tests were also performed. The survey was conducted among people aged between 60 to 85 to understand the sleeping habits and problems among th

Business Ethic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Ethic - Essay Example To what limit do the liberties of the bank stretch over developing nations? Chad is a poor oil-rich nation that has had its share of internal conflicts. Political instability and leadership battles have characterized this North African country. Corruption has also taken toll on the events in this country, and this is evidenced by the award of tenders and contracts to various corporations. The first oil contract was awarded to Exxon. After this, President Idriss quickly and corruptly awarded multimillion contracts to Chevron and Petronas, oil exploration companies. President Idriss’ rule was typical of the leadership of most Sub Saharan states in that he ruled with impunity and with no democracy. In order to hang on to leadership, the President invested a lot in armory. However, this put the government in loggerheads with International corporations like the World Bank which questioned the source of funds for such expenditures. The World Bank threatened to put financial sanction s on Chad by arguing that the manner in which the government acquired funding was questionable. It can be seen that The President of Chad may have contracted the other two companies as a desperate cat to save his country from the iron hand of the World Bank. This case typifies the corruption in the awarding of contracts in this poor African state, and the President is at the center-stage of all these. Ideally, oil exploration activities were supposed to uplift the economy of Chad. The revenues would be used for noteworthy projects in education, health and infrastructural development. The government set up a council that would oversee noteworthy utilization of oil revenues. Amazingly, the government would only be able to use 12.5% of the revenues. The rest would be remitted to the World Bank. 12.5% is an exceptionally small ratio to be allocated to a country as an economic stimulus from its own resource. World Bank had dictated this ratio to Chad. The World Bank flexed its authority in more than one ways to Chad’s disadvantage. In 1998 and 1999 parliament passed a law that saw the formation of the audition general and oil laws that favored the bank’s requirement. Funding was received in the year 2000. For Chad to receive any form of financial aid from the bank, her parliament had to pass specific oil laws. One of these was the 12.5% allocation to Chad as the rest was split between the bank and Exxon. The World Bank has in the past, and still continues to manipulate poor countries by recommending stringent laws that only favor them. Before agreeing to be the financier, the terms of the World bank were that Chad had tototally relinquish its oil sovereignty and Exxon was to submit all its plans for the bank to scrutinize. Natural resources of a nation are meant to boost the economy of that country and its citizens. The government is the sole custodian of such resources. To have the government of a poor nation give up such a right in exchange for futu re aid that may not be sought after is unethical. The bank took advantage of Chad’s poverty and wealth while it was supposed to protect the country as required by international business law. Exxon was not at liberty to lay down the pipeline. The bank studied the 800mile pipes layout and made drastic adjustments to them without consulting the firm. This was done to suit the bank’

Answer the following question after reading Heart of Darkness How are Essay

Answer the following question after reading Heart of Darkness How are women treated andor portrayed in Conrad's 'Heart of darkness' - Essay Example Conrad possibly employs women characters in his short novel "Heart of Darkness" in a way that reflect the archaic perspectives concerning women, and takes more primitive demeaning view point (Conrad 2000). Three major characters in this story namely, the aunt of Mr. Marlow, the African mistress of Mr. Kurtz, and his fianc are used to present different moods and apply twist to the story. Conrad also used two knitting women to symbolize the nature of human fate and to enlighten Mr. Marlow, before his departure to the dark region of Africa, the chaos and anarchy employed by western colonizers on the black African natives. Whether Conrad's treatment of women in Heart of Darkness project extraordinarily complex male understanding of women, or puts the reader to contrasting pictures of women is interesting to explore. Characterization of women in the ancient Greek to the present, and view point of Conrad calls for a rational view. Greek literature display power and authority in women and Homer was a master in presenting women in this role. For understanding Conrad, a deep and critical analysis of the social system and male prejudice about women, during the period of writing "Heart of Darkness," is essential to understand his motive in presenting three major characters in different colors in this novella. ... Greek literature, particularly The Odyssey of Homer, present woman as strong driving force behind man and the characters Penelope, Naussica, and Anticlia are good examples. Penelope, a faithful and loving wife of Odysseus, is a perfect, devoted, strong person and "blessed in the possession of a wife endowed with such rare excellence of understanding and so faithful to her wedded lord." (Homer 2000 p.256). It clearly depicts the powerful role of women in Greek literature. Conrad also used women very sparingly in Heart of Darkness, but in a way that reflect the archaic perspectives concerning women, and takes more primitive demeaning viewpoint. In Heart of Darkness no explicit narrative is used by Conrad to describe women's role except a whole page on the African woman, that too towards the end of the story. Conrad used only three major female characters in the form of: an influential aunt of Mr. Marlow in the beginning; the savage, imposing Black African women, the mistress of Mr. Kurtz in the middle; and the modest white lady, the intended of Mr. Kurtz in the end of the story. The white and black female characters are presented in contrasting status and it is a reflection of prejudice present in Conrad. Marlow considers white women as the keepers of the flame at home and the purest form of belief in their society. In the words of Marlow, "I tried the women. I, Charlie Marlow, set the women to work-to get the job" is clear example to show that in the view of Conrad women are simple medium to attain the men's ambitions (Conrad. 2000. p. 22). Again the male exploitive notion drove Marlow to his aunt, an 'enthusiastic soul' whom knew the wife of a very 'high personage in the Administration" and she was determined to make no end a fuss to get him appointed

You decided Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You decided - Case Study Example Brandt (2002), suggests that banks may discriminate for nonprofit reasons, but this discrimination diminishes with a bank’s incentives and human capital. In order for the client to get her loan from the bank approved, she requires to know her limitations and credit score and prepare a checklist of the appropriate documentation. The bank will inform her of range of credit scores required for loan approval. Sue must also understand her preferences, the terms she can reasonably afford, check the loan packages and her goal for paying off the loan. To start off the ordeal will require preparing a trial balance with the relevant available documents. She will also need the available bank statements for the current tax year and present this to the bank as evidence for eligibility of the loan. In essence to the International Revenue Service (IRS, n.d.), a $300,000 bank loan is equivalent to a 50% tax. Thus, Tax deferment will be in handy. The IRS issues penalties if there is any delay in the tax returns but to prevent this requires filling an extension and thus she will have extra time to finish up her personal tax returns. In 2010, the IRS had announced the need to audit small businesses for credibility and the use of electronic files. This was mainly to enable them to be more proficient when examining records, and this are also a much faster method of resolving issues. In addition, reviewing the US accounting rules Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), mainly to prepare the financial statements. Combining the efforts of IRS and GAAP will have a positive impact on the cost of doing business. To expand her business and increase chances of acquiring a loan, the SBA Guaranteed loans should not be left out. These are government loans that are provided in the US and are available in many banks, in the US. These loans allow entrepreneurs to boost their chances of acquiring a loan and in the repayment of the loan. Some banks in the US also

One recent developments within transportation infrastructure that has Essay

One recent developments within transportation infrastructure that has contributed to increased efficiencies in transportation and distribution - Essay Example ver time, some urban areas have developed a framework aimed at creating a sustainable freight transport system and enhancing the sustainability of intermodal railroad transport. IRRT integrates modal shift strategies and urban freight. Therefore, it is vital that local authorities play a vital role to achieve the implementation of this framework. This framework can help to guide urban planners in overcoming urban transport’s existing shortcomings. This paper will also illustrate the benefits to local sustainability that intermodal railroad transport will bring. Producers within the supply chain are involved in movement of multiple goods, whether this involves the customer or the supplier (Vallespir, 2010: p101). Logistics, essentially, involves the flow of goods and materials along the chain of supply including all other activities that are related. Transportation is part of logistics and involves moving of goods and services from the point of creation to the point of consumption. This creates place and time utility because a product that is produced at one point is of very little value, to the potential customer unless available where the customer can access it. Therefore, freight transport is very important to public welfare generation. Distribution, on the other hand, can be referred to as moving the product from the stage of supply to the client stage in the chain of supply. Different networks of distribution exist such as direct shipping, retail storage, and distribution storage. Such parameters of production such as desired time of d elivery, product value, and demand determine the distribution network design to be used. This, in turn, determines the transport requirements. Freight transport’s implications include an increasing demand for shipping and delivery of goods in smaller units and a higher frequency, as well as speed and reliability. Urban freight transport consists of numerous interactions and interests. In order to achieve urban freight

Review one concept or practice that has been applied in one aspect of Essay

Review one concept or practice that has been applied in one aspect of tourism management - Essay Example The article conducted a research into a company and its key accounts. The relevant statistical data was gathered from three different sources. The sources included the company revenue managers, some of the company’s key accounts, and the company account managers. The research included interviews with the respondents. The research is composed of observations and the painstaking scrutiny of the relevant documents. The findings of the research indicated that the revenue managers had positively influenced the procedures of pinpointing and analyzing the implementation of the contractual management decision on certain chosen accounts. From the key accounts’ point of view, the revenue management processes were discovered to have a reverberating damaging effect on the trust as well as the many years of client-customer relationships. The research indicated that the negative image unfavorably affected the commitment to continue the client- supplier relationship. In terms of application of the research findings to realistic business situations, the findings of the research should be a one size fits all result. The research findings prove that revenue management will be rewarding to the entity, under study. The paper shows that revenue management (which can be identified as yield management) is a very popular management strategy by companies having scarce capacities. The article further states that extensive research had been conducted in the area of revenue management. A parallel research was also put into motion in business relations in the service industry. The article states that the hotel industry must understand the airline industry must prioritise serving the needs and wants of its most precious item, the air travel customers. Hotels must know implement the revenue management in order to bail out the declining hotel room volume brought about by the economic crisis. Revenue management has been used to profitably increase the demands for the

Strategic Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Operation Management - Essay Example Zara has three major product lines, for men, women and children. It has a creative team consisting of sourcing specialist, designers and personnel for product development. The creative team of the company work on products for the current season and they are also engaged in selecting product mix and fabric for the products. Two basic collections are prepared by Zara every year that are the winter/fall collection and the summer/spring collection. The designers of Zara showcase their designs in renowned fashion programs and shows too (Zhelyazkov, n. d.). There is enormous workload of 1000 new design and fashion every month, which is managed by development and design team of 200 employees in Zara. All these employees work from their headquarters that is Spain. This signifies that every individual produces 60 different styles per year, which means approximately 2 styles in every week. This speed is maintained at every stage of product development, which catalyses the retail sales by 200,0 00 – 300,000 in a year. Though this process followed by the company is certainly not cost-efficient, but it is compensated through the high margin on the product (Dutta, 2003). The unique selling proposition (USP) of Zara is that it can take its designs from drawing board to the retail stores around the world in a span of just two weeks. The designs are initially sketched and dedicated through the Computer-aided (CAD) system, with the help of which samples are made by the skilled workers who are working within the design facility (Ferdows, 2003). All the sewing operations take place in the factories owned by the company. The product development structure stated in Figure 1 below is helpful in understanding the product designing and development or production process (Zhelyazkov, n. d.). Figure 1: Product Development Source: (Slack and Lewis, 2002, p. 247) Product development process involves input of operations resource, which includes developing capabilities and rapid change in technology. Moreover, considering the market requirements also play significant role in this process, this is what Zara actively does (Slack and Lewis, 2002). The product development phase beings with market research. This is combined with visiting universities campus and other venues such as discos for observing the fashion trend of the young leaders, sales reports and daily feedbacks (Dutta, 2002). Apart from this, significant investment in information technology and different communication infrastructure has been availed by the company for gathering information on customer demand. The sales managers and associates have customised handheld computers for informing the headquarters regarding daily sales report on real-time basis. The garment styling starts as soon as the designing team receive calls from stores regarding the needs and the team forecast the future demands with the help of these calls. The commercial manager sits with the designers to forecast design demand, fabric , cost and selling price (Dutta, 2002). Resource and Process implications In this section the sources and the processes would be discussed. The fabrics required in the company and other inputs are purchased from external suppliers. There are purchasing offices of Zara in Hong Kong and Barcelona. Apart from this, there are also sourcing personals in Spain, but Europe has been always the top

Growing Up African American Essay Example for Free

Growing Up African American Essay I am a member of the African American group and I would like to tell you a bit about the group of when I am a part of. Let me start by saying that my African American group originated from Africa and growing up in America can be tough for people of my race, the African Americans. My group’s history is wide ranging spanning for many years and varying from region to region within the United States. I remember when I was young I use to talk to my mother a lot and asked her many questions like â€Å"Why am I called an African American? † She went on to explain that our race originally comes from Africa and we were part of a slave trade. From my mother I learned that we were slaves until a law was passed to give us freedom. I use to wonder when I was young if there were other people similar to me all over America. I also remember something my father told me once that African Americans live all over the country. My father told stories of how he used to go to an all black school could vote or sit in the front of buses. Being African Americans have faced several kinds of creation and consequence situations in the years they have been a part of the United States. In some places cheaper labor, longer work hours and terrible living conditions. Many people of the United States have made it almost impossible for groups of another race or Ethnicity to strive and live full happy lives. I have seen over the year’s situations of extermination in some parts, as well segregation, and expulsion. In school from some of my teachers, in social interactions like just walking through a store, and especially in the work place when they’ll even give me the chance to work because it doesn’t matter I go to get a job out here. There are some racist, even the Uncle Tom’s. I’ve done everything they ask and still I either get denied the job or they hire me and treat me like Growing up African American 3 trash until I quit, or they try to find a reason to get rid of me. Since, I don’t give them much reason to get rid of me due to my strong work ethic and performance; they usually try to break me down. Education plays an important role for most African Americans; however we are still way behind when compared to the White American which probably has a lot to do with the way some of us was brought up or our background. Regardless of the contributions made by the forefathers of black people, there is a hesitation of acceptance of the race that has been a focus of many groups the strive for freedom and justice for all, that has not yet been rectified. The same group of people was good enough to built the country is not always seen as good enough to live in the house next door. I believe because this country is made up of many different races and ethnic groups that are steadily growing in numbers. If different races are toco exist peacefully in the U. S. , it is vital that we all become educated on the history and culture of different races and ethnicities. According to the 2000 Census data for Lexington, MS the total population for 2000 were 2,025 male 965 and female 1,060 square miles 2. 45. Race: white (635); black or African American (1,362); American Indian and Alaska Native (1); Asian (13); and two or more races (14); and Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (40) (Fact finder Census 2000). Birthplace facts from the 2000 census data in Lexington born in the same state (1,706); born in another state (269); born outside the US (0); naturalized citizen (14); and foreign born, not US citizen (10). Some more 2000 census data in educational attainment population 25 and older was 1,206 in Lexington: high school graduates (299); some college, or associate’s degree (349); bachelor’s degree (111); and master’s, professional or doctorate degree (60). Some enrollment population 3 years and over Growing up African American 4 enrolled in school was 627: preschool and kindergarten (83); grades 1-12 (446); and college (98) (2000 census data). Growing up African American 5 References Factfinder Census 2000 Census data for Lexington, MS My mother and father.

Can Technology Dehumanize Our Society Essay Example for Free

Can Technology Dehumanize Our Society Essay Technology can dehumanize our society including our school/s. Its because in the advancement and modernization of things which to be manipulated by the people(gadgets etc. ), life has to be somehow be convenient and easier but we should also look on the side that technology can remove skills and qualities of people in dealing with things around them and they wont find any alternatives or options if technology is always present. For instance, in school/s, particularly in a classroom setting, if all of the students have their own personal computers, they will rely and be much independent through visiting websites that could provide answers on their research given by their teacher, the negative result of this is that, yes, they surely easily access information by just clicking one at a time but the traditional way of finding and acquiring information from books(more accurate information than those of the websites) or any reading materials that could somehow develop their reading skills is already gone. Indolence and laziness may occur also. The negative result of technology is that people will just have to sit all day long and will have to be dependent on technology. As ive heard also, some people are just infront of their laptops having thisonline schooling and if you could accomplish the length of time needed, youll be having/ given a diploma . For me, of course it isnt bad but the essence of formal schooling(attending school. being evaluated and monitored by a mentor is already gone). Despite of all the advancement of technology, we became a society of indolent people relying so much on it.

A Small Business Manager as A Leader

A Small Business Manager as A Leader Outline In the 21st century era, small and large, private and public businesses are all aiming towards economic growth. However, this growth has slowed following emergence of unprincipled leaders whose main aim has been satisfaction of individual needs as opposed to their employees and customers. With such unethical practices, it is obvious that a strong impact has been witnessed in economic growth, which boils down to declining capital investments and unemployment for small businesses. Emergence of economic uncertainty can be traced back to WorldCom and e-business sector failure (Luthans, Luthans, Hodgetts, Luthans 2001)1 . Before the famous 9/11 attack, United States economy was already declining following increased unemployment and reduced consumer spending. This condition was further worsened by the 9/11 attack that resulted in increased uncertainty in economic change (Shaw Shapiro 2002)2. These changes have challenged the need for leadership and management at all levels of business fo cusing on ensuring nothing but absolute success. For leadership and management to achieve these roles, there is need for redefinition from the commonly held perspective. Management and leadership are two terms that are commonly and differently used in small businesses and importantly in rejuvenating a dwindling economy. To some people, these terms are seen as synonyms and hence used frequently and interchangeably. From other perspectives, these words are perceived as two different business approaches. Those identifying these terms as extremes maintain the possibility of an individual being a bad manager and good leader simultaneously. Others have resided somewhere between the terms insisting that while management and leadership inherently presents two different business approaches, it is possible to navigate in both positions for a successful business. In modern business environment, businesses whether small or large- will importantly require effective managers and effective leaders if any operation is going to be regarded as successful. While some perspectives argue that their contributions to organizational success vary, it is conclusively understood that management and leadership will apparently contribute positively towards any business success. For the purpose of this article, management and leadership are understood differently. Whether utilized simultaneously or differently, many businesses will give a precise testimony of significant impacts that leadership and management have on any successful business. Therefore, the main objective here is not to evaluate how the two terms vary, but rather how they contribute to success of small business. This essay will hence understand the fundamental characterizations of management and leadership, the components of effective leadership and management in small scale businesses and thei r underlying theoretical perspectives. Ideally with appropriate training, it is possible for managers and leaders to develop a successful small scale business. Leadership versus management In any small scale business, adopting an entrepreneurial spirit is perceived as critical for economic growth, enterprise growth, and overall nation wellbeing. Therefore in these entrepreneurs, the passion is motivated towards ensuring development of businesses that will outline success. As this business is continually natured, the aim is providing the best services and products at friendly prices that can easily be afforded by their customers. Therefore, without even contemplating on what constitutes leadership and management, business developers embark on a journey that is entirely perceived to be geared towards the overall goal. Ironically, these business leaders or managers hardly possess appropriate expertise, background, and desire of managing their businesses in a strategic manner. Leadership and management are important for success and hence if undermined, these businesses are likely to eventually fall or fail to achieve the overall objectives (Kouzes Posner 2007)3. Kouzes and Posner (2007) understand leadership as a process that enables a group member to influence fellow members towards achieving a common goal. Further, the same authors explain that while indeed there exists various leadership styles, there are particular leadership components that will inherently exist in all these definitions. These varying definitions will undeniably agree that leadership is a process; it incorporates influence, involves attainment of a well labeled goal, and occurs in a group context. Hence, regardless of how leadership is operationalized, these aspects will undeniably play a contributing role in the utilized theory and definition of leadership. From a different perspective, Kouzes and Posner (2007) argue that management is understood from varying definitions. Conversely, this does not imply that both management and leadership roles cannot be held by one individual, but management is perceived to follow a definition quite different from leadership. Management definition incorporates supervisory, administrative, and executive direction of an organization or group. Therefore, management and leadership are perceived to share numerous similarities. For instance, going by the understanding of Gordon and Yukl (2004), both leadership and management are ways of impacting influence and collaborating with people for achievement of the overall goal. However, management and leadership fields can also be observed to be different. In Kotlers leadership theory, leadership is an old concept that has been employed in business for many centuries. Management on the other hand is a concept that has been developed over the last 100 years as a result of industrial transformation. Kotlers perspective is undeniably shared by many scholars when it comes to understanding leadership and management. For instance, according to theorists Nanus Bennis as qtd. by Gordon Yukl (2004), management is perceived to be an approach through which activities are accomplished in such a way that routines can be mastered. Leading hence implies influencing others and development of a vision through which change may be enhanced. Rost (Chemers, 2002)4 on the other side understands leadership as a relationship with multidisciplinary influence while management is perceived to be authoritarian leadership that is lined towards one direction. Chemers (2002) adds that leadership and management are two different business approaches that should be h andled by different individuals. Moreover, an overlap exists in the two fields. For instance, when management activities are aimed at assisting employees to achieve organizational goals, this form of management is observed to be operating under leadership. As the leaders are involved in features such as organizing, planning, controlling, and staffing, they are observed to be operating under management. This is a simple indication that these two aspects will undeniably involve interchanging and similar roles and hence can hardly be fully isolated. Literature review In the United States, a larger section of economy is mainly centered on small businesses. In small businesses, leaders have used various approaches that have been employed to enhance organizational positioning in such a way that these business objectives and goals can be achieved (Howard, 2006)5. Based on the fact that economic condition has been a major concern, this market has witnessed a rapidly changing demand for small business. According to Pellerins (2007) perception, small businesses are individually owned and operated, hence hardly dominate in their field of operation. The last three decades have seen United States, among other global nations, witness a dominant development of small businesses (Kuratko, 2007)6. These small businesses have, in United States, resulted to the GDP growth by more than half, serving as a main source of job creation through incorporation of more than 50 of the workforce. Therefore from studies, it is apparent that when it comes to the economic growth, small businesses are hardly detachable. From the United States Census (2005) statistics, 13.3 million United States organizations were registered as small scale businesses by the year 2004. The small business increase has come as a boost to economic growth and as a means of employment creation. Growth in small businesses has been linked to economic improvement and most importantly creation of new employment. According to Kurakto (2007), small business growth has been attributed to increased competition, profitability, and well framed organization goals. In order for these achievements to be enhanced, Kurakto (2007) has noted the importance of effective leadership. However, this has not always been the case because as earlier highlighted; poor leadership is inherent in many small businesses. Beaver (2003) and Perry (2001)7 affirms that one of the reasons for failure in much small business is simply because of poor leadership. Based on this understanding, Gordon and Yulk (2004) have mainly targeted their reteach in understanding important leadership skills that affect small scale environment. More than two decades ago, Beaver (2003) analyzed 200 small scale businesses that had recorded bankruptcy. From the study, it was clearly observed that the main reason behind failure of small business was management neglect, and lack of knowledge on leadership. Therefore, if these small businesses have to be successful, it is important to incorporate leadership styles. As Pellerin (2007) observes, the rate of failure in small businesses is high. This author observes that by the end of the third year, the rate of failure hits more than 62% in many small businesses. However, this study does not incorporate another burning issue: management incompetence. Scheers and Radipere (2007) add that within the first ten years of business operation, 90% of small business fail. These authors strongly agree that failure in these businesses is mainly caused by poor skills in management and leadership. As a result, for any economy to be successful, small business have to be competitive and productive (Beaver 2003)8. For any economic growth, the central role of small businesses can hardly be undermined. For these businesses, leadership and management skills should be understood as main steps towards increased returns. These skills are well incorporated in different theoretical perspectives. From various authors, leadership has been understood differently although th ere is a common agreement in these varying perspectives. Leadership has always been perceived to be a process through which one person is able to support and aid others to accomplish common tasks. Through leadership, a way is created through which contribution is enhanced by ensuring that extraordinary things are implemented (Pellerin 2007). In addition, if these leaders have to be successful, they should importantly portray internal control locus. Charismatic leadership Charisma in leadership is highlighted and defined in numerous ways. It is however perceived to be an exemplary character that is natured in an individual person. According to Kouzes and Posner (2007)9, charismatic leadership is perceived as a behavioral inclination of leaders that result in development of exceptionally strong relationship between leaders and their followers. For these charismatic leaders, Robbins and Coutler (2003) has highlighted three exceptional leadership characteristics which are; expression of high confidence, strong convictions, and dominance in their beliefs. The same authors also add that these charismatic leaders should be able to demonstrate optimism, determination and confidence, and collective ability of accomplishing mission and realizing the vision. These authors arguably add that these leaders are also required to engender trust as well as the ability to take personal risks to prove that their approach is indeed justified. Therefore, there is a high l ikelihood of charismatic leaders focusing to develop a clear and distinct group. Charismatic leadership has a high likelihood of being found in emerging and struggling small businesses than in stable and successful organizations. Emphasizing on the importance of this leadership, Kouzes and Posner (2007) have highlighted five important attributes that must be found in any leader to be categorized as charismatic. They are: (1) Articulation and vision; (2) Sensitivity to the needs of employees; (3) Personal risk taking; (4) Sensitivity to the business environment in which the business is operating; and (5) Execution of progressive behavior. Schermerhorn (2005) has summarized charismatic leaders as leaders or managers who are capable of sparking a sense of belonging towards the business. In addition, these leaders have been able to inspire their employees towards a direction in which organizational objectives and goals may be achieved (Schermerhorn 2005)10. Transformational leadership According to Pryor et al. (2007)11, transformational leaders are able to impact movement and change in their organization. Such leaders are able to seek ways of altering the prevailing structure while ensuring that people are continuously convinced to support new responsibilities and vision. For the excellent transformational leaders, power and authority is utilized as motivational and inspirational tools to the people they follow and trust. This leadership is hence able to provide energy producing characteristics through which new changes are likely to be generated in a business. Furthermore, these leaders are capable of motivating followers to transcend their individual interests for other combined purposes while at the same time ensuring that these followers are assisted to increasingly satisfy their individual needs. Pryor et al. (2007) have revealed inner transformational leadership characteristics in small business. These characteristics are highlighted to be inclusive of hones ty, integrity, and personal values. These characteristics are positively influential to the leaders behavior. For effective performance, a major ingredient is connection of transformational leadership with life experiences. This inner connection is combined with the resulting behaviors do develop external behaviors through which a business is transformed. For instance, a group vision is produced by a sense of personal involvement. Management models Conventionally, small businesses have been seen to have a low likelihood of utilizing strategic management models in comparison to large organizations based on a number of reasons. They are: (1) Small businesses are in most cases owned at the family level; (2) The leaders in small businesses are in most cases focused on daily operations thereby paying minimal-if any- attention to strategic management systems and management models; (3) Small businesses are mainly less endowed in financial resources that can comfortably be utilized in improving business performance through training; and (4) Competitors at their levels apply similar business approaches, without incorporation of any managerial models and implementation of systems through which improvement can be enhanced. Additionally, entrepreneurs involved in development of small business are hardly interested in development of procedures and processes. On the other side, large organizations obviously incorporate people with a clear understanding of management models by the time they have completed their studies in colleges. Moreover, these organizations have large amounts of finances that can resourcefully be allocated to training. Large scale businesses compete with large business opponents that are competitively and strategically driven. Strategic management approach This approach was initially developed by Toombs, White, and Pryor (1998) with a perception that small scale business leaders or managers incorporate strategic management elements in their business. This ideal incorporates the SWOT analysis together with the vision, mission, objectives, goals, values, competitive advantage, critical success factors, measurement, and feedback. Various theorists strongly insist that strategic management is an important aspect for a small business targeting enhancement of quality initiatives. Numerous authors have mostly insisted that as a result of incorporating various business theories, models, standards, tools, strategies, surveys, and training, it becomes possible for small businesses to be improved. These theorists mainly insist on the need for integrating quality initiatives into the organizations strategic management (Pryor et al. 2007)12. As a way of creating additional emphasis on this point, Chemers (2002) explain that total quality management must be linked to the strategy of a business because most strategies incorporate goals. Chemers also adds that TQM must be guided by a senior team in management and project selection must be based on their importance when it comes to achieving success in a business. Robbins and Coulter (2003)13 supports the perception above. However, they argue that customer impact must be integrated with strategic management as a way of achieving the desired results. Model While strategic management theory is perceived to be a model that should be incorporated by business leaders for long term success and survival, this model hardly incorporates the 5Ps model that was established by Pryor (1998)14. The strategic management model and strategic direction establishment is perceived to be incorporated in one of the five rudiments that should importantly be adopted to enhance a business success. For pneumonic purposes, this business approach has mainly been referred to as Purpose. The remaining elements are performance, people, processes, and principles. The 5Ps model is perceived to have some elements that are similar to those found in strategic management model that has earlier been examined. However, these elements have additional importance besides their individual importance. Moreover, their alignment is perceived to be equally important. Business leadership approaches Trait approach to leadership Trait approach is developed from great man model as an approach through which key characteristics can be identified for successful leaders. This approach is centered on the perception that through this approach, it is possible for leadership approaches to be isolated. Therefore, individuals possessing such traits can be selected, recruited, and installed into the positions of leadership. This theory has resulted in development of numerous traits. After numerous years characterized with continuous research, it is apparently hard to identify consistent traits. Although some traits have been found in various studies, these studies results have been inconclusive. It is possible for some leaders to possess certain traits. However, in case these traits are not present in an individual, this is not sufficient reason to disqualify such a person as a leader. In order to qualify an individual as effective leader, various traits should be processed. Nevertheless, there is a high likelihood of s ome traits to be more frequently observed than others. Some of the commonly observed traits in an effective leader are inclusive of friendliness, technical skills, task motivation, supportiveness to group tasks, emotional control, social skills, intelligence, and general charisma. Behavioral leadership The trait studies results were not conclusive. The inconclusiveness is based on the perception that it is hard to measure traits amongst other things. For instance, it is hard to measure such traits such as integrity, diligence, loyalty, and honesty. This inconclusiveness is what has challenged development of behavioral model. In this model, the focus is based on human relationships alongside performance and output. In McGregors theory Y and theory X managers, it is observed that an average individual is more likely to develop an inherent work dislike and will make all efforts possible to avoid working. In theory X, it is observed that this individual characteristic is highly likely to provoke the need for controlling, coercing, or even threatening individuals if they are to be encouraged to make efforts required for organizational goal achievement. Theory X is also based on the perception that an average individual highly prefers being directed as a way of avoiding responsibility. In theory Y, the managers believe that mental or physical effort expenditure is as natural as rest and play. In addition, the managers believe that employees are likely to exercise self-control and self-direction as a way of achieving the objectives that define their commitment. Moreover, the ability of exercising high level of ingenuity, imagination, and creativity in organization problem solution is widely (as oppos ed to being narrowly) disseminated in the people and human being potentials. From this theory, it is possible to conclude that theory X leader is more drawn towards an autocratic approach while theory Y leader is more drawn towards a participative style. In the managerial grid, developed through collaboration of Jane Mouton and Robert Blake, the focus has mainly been drawn to managers, employees (people), and task (production) orientation together with a combination of concerns between these two limits. Mouton and Brake model therefore suggest that team management, a major concern to production and employee, is the most effective leadership approach. Situational or contingency leadership approach to business Even as behavioral model is likely to assist management in a business when it comes to development of a specific leadership behavior, little guidance is given in understanding the constituents of effective leadership in varying situations. Undeniably, most modern researchers conclusively agree that indeed there exists no one appropriate leadership style for every manager under all settings. Therefore, development of contingency models was aimed at indicating that the utilized style is dependent upon such aspects as the people, the situation, and business among other surrounding variables. In contingency approach, it is understood that there hardly exists one specific approach through which managers can be able to lead. As a result of situations, varying leadership requirements are likely to be created for a leader. For this leadership situation, the solution is dependent on the factors affecting the situation. For instance, in a high routine environment characterized with repetitive tasks, a comparatively directive management approach it likely to yield best results. However, a more participative approach will be required in a dynamic environment. Building a successful business According to Howard (2006)15, business performance is perceived to be a multifaceted construct incorporating customer, operational, and financial oriented performance domains. The non-financial measures are inherent in Howard study. This performance measurement approach is incorporated as a result of limitation connected with small businesses financial data measurement. The satisfaction of the owners through performance of business is perceived to be one significant success indicators. Small business success is defined as performance level equal to or exceeding the firms owner expectations. The indicators that have mainly been employed in performance measurement are: profitability, annual earnings, and return on investments. Standards of a small business The small business standards have been developed by Chartered Quality Institute (CQI) (2007) in collaboration with the management consultants. This is a business model that is perceived to be important for managers targeting continuous growth in their business. Designing of the small business standards is aimed to be utilized in various investments that include small and medium size businesses, and micro businesses (CQI 2007). In the places where management term is utilized to imply micro business, it is likely to imply the proprietor. In the standard business model, there are nine main sections: (1) Customer care; (2) Business reviews; (3) Employees and staff; (4) management responsibility; (5) suppliers; (6) processes and work environment; (7) Correction and prevention of services complications; (8) Records; and (9) Documentation. While the standard is mainly perceived to be simplistic in comparison to the 5Ps model and Strategic management model, it incorporates numerous small bus iness management key ingredients. Therefore for small businesses, it is likely to be a good starting point as the business moves towards management and improvement of its organization (CQI, 2007)16. In relation to the small businesses standards application, one British Standards Institute website has observed that it is possible for real business standards to be achieved by small scale businesses. If this approach is well utilized, it hence has a high likelihood of resulting in: (1) elimination of inefficiencies witnessed when it comes to allocation of already limited resources; (2) improvement of marketing speed and risk reduction; and (3) enhancement of an effective competition with bigger businesses (British Standards Institute 2007)17. From the general leadership perspective, it is apparent that indeed success or failure in results production will mainly depend on leaders character. For these leaders to be viewed as effective, they have to be viewed as essential for the business success. However, the achievement of organizational success will not depend on adoption of similar leadership styles in all organizations. Nonetheless, these leaders will have an influential role on how the organizational goals are to be achieved by the employees in the organization. For this to be enhanced, small business leaders will require advanced understanding of the leadership styles to portray progress and development in achievement of organizational objectives and goals. With small business research, these leaders will be provided with understanding of leadership activities that are necessary for specific position if achievement of organizational objectives and goals is to be enhanced. These businesses will hence have to establish working environment for their business; this will be enhanced through leadership style. For organizational effectiveness, leadership will obviously have an important role. If employee empowerment will not be fulfilled in these organizations, there will be a high likelihood of employee dissatisfaction that will undeniably divert from achievement of organizational objectives and goals. Therefore, if a healthy working environment has to be maintained in these businesses, leadership should play an integral role. Conclusion The theoretical underpinnings evaluated in this article clearly demonstrate need for robust leadership existence in any small business. The failure of these businesses is indeed due to failure to adopt the necessary and fundamental requisites of a successful organization; effective leadership and management skills. This essay is very relevant; for instance in the current economic conditions that desperately require an influential intervention. Leadership hence should be trailed towards ensuring employee satisfaction and effectiveness as a way through organizational success and profitability will be enhanced. Consequently, robust leadership will eventually affect the success and profitability of small business. The way through which this will be enhanced is through incorporation of leadership and management theories analyzed in this essay. These leadership and management hence need to be employee motivation towards adaptation of organizational vision and mission. References 1(Luthans, Luthans, Hodgetts, Luthans 2001) 2(Shaw Shapiro 2002) 3(Kouzes Posner 2007) 4(Chemers, 2002) 5(Howard, 2006) 6(Kuratko, 2007) 7 Beaver (2003) and Perry (2001) 8(Beaver 2003) 9 Kouzes and Posner (2007) 10 Schermerhorn (2005) 11 Pryor et al. (2007) 12 White, and Pryor (1998) 13 Robbins and Coulter (2003) 14 established by Pryor (1998) 15 According to Howard (2006) 16(CQI, 2007) 17 (British Standards Institute 2007)

The Final Conversation in A Dolls House :: Dolls House essays

The Final Conversation in A Doll's House The final scene of A Doll's House is one of the most famous and hotly debated moments in modern drama, endlessly argued about. I make no attempt here to account for all the complexities of this fascinating scene, but once again I'd like to offer some observations to fuel further discussion. Torvald's behaviour once he reads Krogstad's letter totally demolishes the illusion Nora has taken refuge in, and the lectures he delivers to Nora at the start of the scene remind us unmistakably of what a total social prig he is, determined to salvage what he can by deception and very angry at Nora for what she has done. We are right to find what he says very offensive, especially since he makes no sympathetic attempt to talk to her, to explore her motivation, to share the crisis together as two individuals at a critical point in their lives together. [Naturally, the staging of the first part of this scene is absolutely crucial for shaping our response to what happens later. If, for example, Torvald's angry abuse leads him to hit Nora, the impact of his tirade will be very different indeed from what it would be if we sense a genuine pain and panic under his insults, if it deflates him rather than energizing him to violence against her] At the same time, we need to recognize that much of what Torvald says is right. If this gets out, he will be ruined. We know enough about his society to understand that the slightest accusation of criminal conduct will destroy them both (and that, we know, is so much more than just losing a job). And we have seen that for Torvald his social role is who he is, his entire identity. He has no conception of himself outside that role. So, in effect, Nora has, in his eyes, destroyed him. We may deplore the shallowness of his character, but we should not dismiss the intensity of his feelings or the accuracy of his perception of how society will react. Everything he believes in is in danger of being taken away. And that's why, once the danger has passed, he can instantly become himself again: his identity has been restored. So when he utters (and keeps repeating) that line which so often earns a laugh in the modern theatre ("I forgive you everything") he is making (in his eyes) a sincere concession.

Racial Discrimination :: essays research papers

Racial Discrimination "KAFFIR". When you see or hear this word, what runs through your mind? Do you picture a man with skin the color of the midnight sky, do you see him bending his muscular body down to the dry earth to pick cotton from thorn-ridden plants? Can you feel the heat of the sun beating down on his charred back? Perhaps you can even taste the beads of sweat swelling from his forehead and arms. Or maybe you are more inclined to visualize a dark-skinned woman with creases in her forehead made by many years of hard work and endless worrying. You watch her as she puts the breakfast dishes on the table and addresses her owners with a "yes sah" or "yes ma'am". There is nobody to cater to her needs. She spends each day taking care of everyone but herself. Pain. Sorrow. Anguish. Agony. Is this what comes to your mind when you hear the word "KAFFIR"? Well, it shouldn't because the word "kaffir" has nothing to do with the color of your skin. The word "kaffir" is just that; a word. It is a term that sprouted out of ignorance and continues to be used to this day exclusively by ignorant people. A kaffir isn't a slang term for an African; it is a word that describes the person that uses it. This type of person is one who feeds his ego by dehumanizing those around him when he feels they are not equal to him. He may regard those of different races or nationalities as "bad" or "dirty" because they do not have the same skin color as he does or they may cherish beliefs that are contrary to the ones by which he lives his life. These qualities describe the man who tells his son that it is okay to make fun of people who are different because differences are bad. A child who is repeatedly told such things will believe them because "mom and dad never lie". This idea, inculcated in them as children, is like a grain of sand caught in the clutches of an oyster. It eats away at their minds until it becomes part of them. Instead of forming into a pearl, it creates a whole new individual that is as ignorant as the parents who raised him. And so this vicious cycle of ignorance continues. Children need to be taught from infancy that people of other races and nationalities are human too. They think like the rest of us. They have feelings, hopes, and aspirations. They are intelligent.

Great Britain and the Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers

Great Britain and the Industrial Revolution Why did Great Britain lead the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century changed Europe forever. At the front of this change was Great Britain, which used some natural advantages and tremendous thinking and innovation to become the leader of the Industrial Revolution. First, Britain had some tremendous natural attributes. It was naturally endowed with many deposits of coal and iron ore, which were used heavily in the early stages of factory production. In addition, Britain was situated at a critical point for international trade. Its position between the United States and the rest of Europe allowed them to have a serious impact in all matters of trade. Likewise, a multitude of navigable waterways, easy access to the sea, and a mild climate all contributed to the onset of industrialism. Britain's topography was conducive to industrialism because its diversity allowed for the production of many agricultural products, preventing any sort of shortage or famine. Evans remarks, â€Å"Each single such advantage could be replicated in other European countries and some could be accentuated, but no other nation enjoyed such a rich combination of natural bounties† (111). Furthermore, the nation was free of many trade tariffs that hampered indus try in other European nations while featuring a real opportunity for upward movement in society which provided a great incentive for acquiring wealth. Britain also experienced tremendous population growth which provided a potential workforce as well as an increase in the demand for goods. In addition to all of these natural assets, there was also great innovation and technological advance in Britain. One of the b... ...not on governments, but on men of initiative, determination, ambition, vision, resourcefulness, single-mindedness, and (not infrequently) good, honest greed† (117). The Industrial Revolution, led by Great Britain, greatly changed the existing attitude of powerlessness towards nature to one of power because now people were able to produce enough goods and food to support the expanding population. The ability to produce a surplus that arose from the ongoing industrialization meant that people no longer had to worry over nature and its effects on the economy. The Industrial Revolution led by Great Britain radically changed Europe's social and economic ways of life and provided the impetus for the tremendous progress of the 19th century. Work Cited Evans, Eric J. The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain. London and New York: Longman, 1996.

John Locke and Immanuel Kant Essay

We are here concerned with the relationship between the human mind, somatic-sensory perceptions, objects of perception, and claims of knowledge arising from their interaction, through the philosophies of John Locke and Immanuel Kant. Confounding the ability to find solid epistemological ground, philosophers have, generally speaking, debated whether ‘what’ we know is prima facie determined by the objective, as-they-are, characteristics of the external world 1(epistemological realism) or if the mind determines, as-it-is, the nature of objects through its own experiential deductions (epistemological idealism). The purpose of this paper is to use the synthetical approach of Immanuel Kant, who utilizes a logical schematization of cognition along with experience (transcendental idealism), in the attaining of knowledge, to criticize Locke’s claims against innate ideas, and subsequently, origin and attainment of knowledge. In the first part of this paper, I will explain the major differences which distinguish epistemological realism and idealism. This disambiguation of philosophical jargon is to allow the reader to understand why the debate exists, how it impacts what human’s claims as ‘knowledge’, and whether or not the debate has any contemporary philosophical importance. This last feature is a relevant aspect of the debate since ‘knowledge’ applies to a great many areas of human life, including, but not limited to, the sciences, morality and ethics, and aesthetics. In the second part of this paper, I will outline Kant’s idealism, otherwise known as, transcendental idealism. This section will lay out the terminology in Kant’s epistemology which will act as a backdrop for comparing and contrasting the theory of Locke. This section will also describe the foundation of Kant’s epistemological claims. As mentioned in the introduction, the mind, the somatic-sensory perceptions, and objects of perception are to be accounted for in the debate between idealism and realism. Thus, the second part of the paper will conclude with an understanding of how knowledge arises under the rubric of Kant’s transcendental idealism. The third part of this paper is then dedicated to providing an account of Lockean innate knowledge and its place in our epistemological enquiry. It is presumed that several deficiencies, to be discussed, are apparent in Locke’s epistemological realism without the use of innate ‘ideas’. These deficiencies, however, are percolated only in light of the Kantian juxtaposition for which this section serves the purpose. In the final part of this paper, I will conclude that while Locke’s epistemological theories h ave had a great influence on the progress of epistemology, especially as a critique against rationalism, the idea of no innate ideas impressed upon the mind prior to experience ultimately leads Lockean realism to base claims that all knowledge arises solely from experience as inexhaustively question-begging without Kant’s transcendentalism. Dealing with the problems of realism and idealism can be seen in humans as young as three years old. Although it may not be so apparent to parents at the time, when a child asks, â€Å"How do you know that? † they are challenging the method in which a person uses to ‘know’ what they know. However, children, like philosophers, might not be satisfied with the first answer and continue with a meta-inquiry: â€Å"How do you know that? † While this interrogative approach to understanding the world can be frustrating it does illuminate a particular problem in reasoning, generally. That is, at some point we are forced to answer, vacuously, â€Å"I know, because I know. † However, the persistent child philosopher can rebut with, â€Å"How do you know that you know? The problems intrinsic to the line of questioning above demonstrate a broad epistemological problem. To solve the problem philosophers have sought out ways in order to make ‘what we know’ or explaining ‘how we know’ a bit more reliable or certain. That is, to provide an answer to our inquisitive three year old that breaks the meta-inquiry of knowable certitude. Knowledge, however, is a little tricky because there is an identity problem between the world and the ideas, or tho ughts, in our minds. In making claims of knowledge we must presume certain things are true. To say that you know something assumes that you (1) believe the world represented in your mind is exactly as it is whether you perceive it or not and what we have to say about the world must correspond to the way the world is perceived, (2) the world gives us information about objects, which can be accurate, but our minds are the final decision makers about the nature of those objects which can lead to skepticism, or (3) there is nothing stable about the appearances of the world as presented to our minds, and what we know is solely the product of collective reflection, otherwise known as easoning. In the context of my thesis, it could be argued that if a set of instructions were provided, such as innate ideas in the mind, these three broad, epistemological viewpoints would be narrowed down to one. The first assumption, (1), is the philosophical position known, broadly, as epistemological realism. The second assumption, (2), is more of a dualism in that it is believed there is enough perceived objectivity in the world to have some certain knowledge of it, but it is still subjected to our experiential bias (intuition plays a more integral role in this doctrine). This is a kind of realism in that certain properties about the objects we perceive are unalterable or indisputable since they would retain those characteristics whether or not they are observed. The third position is epistemological idealism. This position holds, generally, that knowledge is not a product of the nature of objects, but instead, derived from the nature of the mind. In other words, the certainty of knowledge is granted through the nature of the mind found within the species deliberating over certain claims. As mentioned, the debate between idealism and realism does have, beyond satisfying the curiosity of toddlers, implications in other areas of philosophy. It is not the focus of this paper, but an example that illustrates potential problems is that of ethics and morality. In epistemological realism, it may be the case that certain acts produce pain in humans, but there is nothing, it is alleged, which a person can point to in the world that would verify this (kind of) pain as bad, good, rightly, wrongly imposed. In other words, epistemological realism holds that we can know facts about the way the world is because our mind is receptive and capable of reproducing them accurately in our minds, but it is another thing to try to extrapolate from these facts/experiences a particular value/meaning to attach to prescriptive claims. In the extreme case, an epistemological realist might claim that all rules of morality are completely made up and merely appeal to our feelings about facts, but we cannot know for certain. As for idealism, morality appears as a less problematic discourse since the very proprietor of knowledge is that which is arbitrating over moral disputes. However, the kind of facts and/or values which moral claims arise, for idealists, are of a strictly theoretical nature and can be said to carry as much empirical or logical certainty as those doubted in the case of realism. At best they are egocentric and/or egotistic. Even in contemporary debates, which diverge subtly from the philosophies this paper examines, the entailment of moral truths from realist or idealist doctrines remains unsolved. In some cases, such as Marxist philosophy, there can be a real confusion about which doctrine actually prevails. The Communist rule of Stalin and Mao is arguably a perversion of epistemological realism for what was actually and indiscernibly expressed as an idealist project. It was in the Critique of Pure Reason that the philosopher Immanuel Kant attempted to settle the problem of epistemological certainty and skepticism. Recalling the relationship between the mind, objects of the world, our perceptive apparatuses, and knowledge, Kant opens up the Critique of Pure Reason with two allusive statements[1]: (1) â€Å"†¦no knowledge our ours is antecedent to experience, but begins with it. † (2) â€Å"†¦though all of our knowledge begins with experience, it by no means follows that all arises out of experience. † Situating these two phrases within the context of realism and idealism requires parsing out the some key phrases within these statements. The first key phrase or term is â€Å"begins. † Kant tells us that â€Å"knowledge begins with experience. † That is, in order to say â€Å"I know,† one must first have an object which makes some kind of sensory impression on the mind. [2]â€Å"For how is it possible,† Kant asks, â€Å"that the faculty of cognition should be awakened into exercise otherwise by means of objects which affect our senses†¦so to convert the raw material of our sensuous impressions into a knowledge of objects? It is, therefore, objects in the world that first supply us with the â€Å"raw material† for ‘beginning’ the process of attaining knowledge; the term ‘process’ is important here, because the two statements above allude to two different kinds of knowledge. It is not the case, claims Kant, all knowledge is a direct derivative of compounding impressions of raw data. For Kant, and this point lays the foundation of idealism, the mind plays a much more integral role in determining how those impressions are arranged in pre-conscious faculties. This difference plays an important role in the realism/idealism debate since the relationship between the minds’ functioning and knowledge claims depends upon disassociating two different kinds of demonstrations: (1) a method of proving what is known, (2) the acquisition of knowledge. More specifically, the debate between realism and idealism must in some ways reconcile itself with knowledge claims that are a priori and/or a posteriori. The former refers to rationalized knowledge which is universal, necessary and independent of experience (though this last condition, as we will see, is not so clear in Kant’s idealism). The latter is empirical knowledge which is acquired directly through our sensory perception and is validated by the relationship between what is stated and the way the world appears to be. For example, the claim that ‘snow is cold’ is a posteriori since the concept of ‘cold’ is not directly related to ‘snow’ independent of human experience. What is a priori knowledge is the fundamental subject of Kant’s transcendental idealism. According to Kant, a priori knowledge is not just about a method of proof, but also about how we attain a priori knowledge. As mentioned above, Kant is concerned with not only the knowledge that comes from experience, but also knowledge that arises from experience. That is, Kant seeks to settle how a priori knowledge, knowledge that lends epistemological certitude regarding to certain claims, is attained and verified without relying on facts about an external world. It is here that we see explicitly how a priori knowledge and epistemological idealism are integral and linked to the realism/idealism discussion; a priori knowledge is attained through a logical rationalization of concepts about objects that does not require a direct experience of them. In other words, a priori knowledge is knowledge which, according to Kant, begins with experience, but does not necessarily arise from that experience. To unpack this influx of these epistemological connections, it will be instructive to begin with what Kant calls the Transcendental Aesthetic. There is, states Kant, an arrangement to the mind which makes experience possible. This arrangement, or what Kant calls ‘schematism’ not only makes experience possible, but it also limits the scope of possible experiences. To refocus, Kant’s position is that space and time are the two most fundamental conditions for having an experience. All objects which are presented to the mind are done so, necessarily, in time and in space. It is important to recall that objects of perception/experience make impressions on the mind which is done through any or all of the five senses. This means that space and time, in order to be objects of the external world, must possess the property of being sensible. But if space is the condition for which objects are experienced, then space can only exist because space exists (this kind of paradox is addressed in the Antinomies). The same applies to time. Kant, therefore, purports that space and time are mere formal conditionings of objects via the minds operation providing, at the same time, the possibility of experience and experiential limitations. The upshot for Kant is that he loses nothing with this claim. The reality of space and time, as external objects, would lend no more validity to knowledge claims since the properties of space and time are necessary conditions for experience. Thus, making knowledge claims do not change whether space and time are properties of realist or idealist doctrines. In addition, Kant avoids the paradoxes which arise from claiming space and as objects of external reality by placing them as antecedent conditions for experience, as is needed, in the mind. This leads us to what Kant calls ‘synthetical’ claims a priori. By placing objects in space and in time there are going to be properties pertaining to the relations of objects to other objects and properties of objects that will follow the logic of being so represented. When Kant says that knowledge can arise from experience he is referring to the synthetical claims a priori which are determined by the logic of space and time as formal conditions for experiential representations. This is how Kant is able to famously answer how ‘every change has cause’ is necessary without realist fact. Kant admits that change is something that must be experienced, but change is an experience in space and in time. Since time is represented as a succession or the proceeding of an object through/from time t1 to time t2, and change is a relation of cause and effect, and since a cause cannot be its effect (see the paradox of space and time being the conditions of their own existence above), then once we are able to experience an event as ‘change’ in relation to an object (in time and space), we can, and with no further experience, strictly use the concepts of ‘cause’, ‘event’, and ‘change’, to make the a priori claim that ‘every change has a cause’; note, not just a change, or some changes, but every change has a cause. In other words, because of Kant’s transcendental idealism, we are logically justified in attaching certain knowledge of properties and relations in and between objects beyond what is provided by what we know a posteriori.

Employee Representation Essay

The rise of capitalism in industrialized societies ad extend in theme of development of employees light-emitting diode to the rise of muckle labor Federals. The tout ensembleot substances were organize for the purpose of representing employees by means of and by and through with(predicate) preventing exploitation by their employers. The increased cases of exploitation in harm of pay and different is marchs that affected employees in system of rules, industries and companies lead to the governance of condescension wedlocks. The raft amounts lay was to improve employees gift and other meshing conditions through representing the employees in a incorporatedly dicker. The makeup of affair couplings was ab initio fair gameed by employers who felt they had a chasten to exploit the lamentable since they owned f routineors of production. In todays society to the highest degree employers who on a lower floorstand the role of mint union appreciate the effo rts do by deal unions. A group of employees whitethorn unification together to form a dish out union and they whitethorn seek telephone numberualisation from their employer (Bly long ton and Turnbull, 61).Collective bargaining involves the process by which the employer and handle unions discuss and confine on the spirt terms and conditions. The collective bargaining does not norm ally establish legitimate transaction among the employee and employer. further, the agreement aras which contact to terms and conditions of participation gravel hind end of employment contract. The employer and employee can then agree on the employment terms as agreed amongst the employee and flock unions although its subject to every changes made amidst the employee and the employer. Collective bargaining takes place in mansions of all sides. level-headed employer-employee dealinghips render to a wellnessy employer- affair union relationship.The efficientness if flip unions can and be metrical through the bycomes of intervention in employer-employee relationship. nearly change unions open been cognise to be dormant and reap money out of employees however no change is spy in employees conditions under which they work. Few consider unions conduct colluded with employers and oppressed employees after which the employers take away stand outed to the collapse of the c ar unions collectable to breach of contract.A apportion union is an free-lance body which been formed by soulfulnesss who volunteer to form an experience whose chief(prenominal) goal is to represent and protect the employment, service-r jubilant, professional, sparing and loving pay offs and beguiles of the employees. Employees regards to anyone employed despite the disposition of work.The backing unions achieve their set goals though dialogue with employees, experience of employees, local governing body activity activity activity and the organisation in which s tack in union exist. The dialogue is base on consultancy and collective bargaining on is works that be of interest to employees. All employees be at acquaintance to tie or not to marijuana cig bette any divvy up union more thanover components of National Defence Force, National intelligence operation Agency and South African dark service (Edwards, 36).Extent to which employee mental facsimile through trading unions is hard-hitting depends on the character of employment and size of business or organisation in which the employee is working in. In small organisations the guile unions pull in a bun in the oven a small scope of employee representation because virtually(prenominal) dialogue is done directly surrounded by the employer and employee. In such(prenominal)(prenominal) small self-coloureds, the sell in union efficiency in employee representation can be derived from their ability to carry on for good pays and payment systems, hours of work, spend, sic k pay and gifts. cope unions atomic number 18 regulated by lying-in traffic act. The repulse transaction take on applies to all employers, workers, mint unions and employers organisations. However the act does not apply to member of National Defence Force, National cognition Agency or South African Secret Service. mint unions in queen-sized firms and organisations compound the relationship between the employer and employee. This is because the employees take a leak their chosen representatives who present employee grievances to the lot union. In large firms and organisations all aspects that business organization the employment contract argon made know to the wad union for the calling union to be effective.Employees who represent collective take of employees to employer may face hostility from employers. In near cases, the employees who stand out to push for the collective skilfuls of employees go for a bun in the oven lost their cables and this has created virtuoso of insecurity among employee leaders.This normally happens when the imposed changes be objected by the employer. This problem has made employee representation through sponsored trade unions to be effective because trade unions be independent association of volunteers. Sponsored trade unions, cod to absence of charge of the repercussions atomic number 18 able to negotiate with employers, association of employers effectively so the employees interests atomic number 18 communicate (William and Adam metalworker, 88).Employee representation through sponsored trade unions has been peculiarly effective while dealing with collective issues that anguish all employees in a given state. The trade unions ar mostly made up of tooth root individuals who argon patriotic and committed to the general objective of terminusing employees interests which involve minimum wage of civil servants depending on the standard of accompaniment and economic growth or the coun distort. mak e out unions hold back been effective in addressing issues that upkeep mode of payment for employees to avoid such(prenominal) cases alike(p) delayed salaries and wages. This has led to improve social welfare of the employees. Trade unions wee been known to step in in cases where organisations and firms ache worked to pay their employees in time. Also, trade unions subscribe to throw ind in cases where the employees are exploited through low wages. The employees demand increment of salaries through trade unions. The trade unions then learn meetings with the employer or association of employers to agree on the fair salary. The intervention by trade unions had led to great improvement in the effort market and this can be seen through get overd strikes in most countries.In the past, there were close to virtues that governed issues elated to sick leaves, maternity leaves and general leaves. The trade unions set about been known to contri thate greatly to the occupation al law through assignment of areas where below the belt emission is applied. nearly employees nominate suffered unfair dismissal from temporary contacts or permanent contract due to essential cases like when absenteeism occurs due to sickness and/or maternity leaves. In small firms, employees study been known to suffer the ill-treatment silently but the presence of trade unions has shown a lot of improvement in the grind industry. The trade union representative in such a case is allowed by the confinement Relations Act to stand by and present workers in governance and disciplinal hearing when the employees agree (Blyton and Turnbull, 565).Increase in payment demands by employment has in most cases led to termination of employment of the pioneers of the idea. This has dismay among employees who want to maintain their employment. However, the productivity of laborers decline because of the dissatisfaction with their salaries. Trade unions thereof hold discussions with em ployers and they proctor the employers compliance with the crowd relations Act which involves any law regulating terms and conditions of employment and whether they stomach honored any agreement that had been made between employer and employee.Employees cannot be able to monitor employer compliance with law due to fear of losing the employment and so employee representation through sponsored trade union ensure bond by employer to any agreement that is passed concerning employees interest. Effectiveness is achieved by ensuring employers comply and by narrativeing any failure by the employer to comply with the law or any made agreement to association of employers or any responsible authority or agency. Employers are likely to act extravagant on the agreement when they are under the pressure of trade unions other than when employees are pushing.Employees have a tendency to act on the agreement made between employer and employees because employer acknowledge that trade unions are independent association that are protected and sceptered by push back relations act.In countries where racism have been know to have great effect on employment environment especially issues regarding promotion and unfair treatment, trade unions have been known to intervene to ensure fair treat of all individual/employees in countries like US where racist is say to exist in most organisations, employees forward their grievances to trade unions because if they kvetch or demand justice, the employer may cover them their serious or may overthrow their contracts or employment.Employees and so though the trade unions present their grievances to civil command and their divergence issue is turn to. Employee representation through sponsored trade unions ensures that employers conform to anti-discrimination law employees with different races, worship age and marital status are treated equally due to inspection by trade union representative.thither have been incidences where the wor king conditions pose a health hazard to the employees yet the salary given cannot cover the extent of risks the employees are exposed. When individual employees complain of their dissatisfaction with the salary based on the risks the employees are exposed to, the employees may be terminated or may be pressurized to quit the job by the employer on the argument that there is bay window supply of labour. The trade unions therefore intervene so that the employees are paid in accordance to the risks they are exposed to. free supply of labour had led to some a(prenominal) employers taking advantage of the function by paying the employees less wage as compared to the amount of work that they do. both(prenominal) employees may not even complain of their exploitation by the employer because they fear loosing their ache look job. In capitalistic societies, where the few are the owners of factors of production, there is high exploitation of the poor people who supply labour to the indu stries.The merchant in capitalistic societies pay ceaseless wage which does not account for all the labour hours. The poor work for more hours. Trade unions in such situation have been known to be agents of social changes which may be radical. The trade unions have contributed to the seizure of the habit by ensuring that employees are paid their worth irrespective of their positions. Trade unions are accredited for presenting the grievances of the poor (Beardwell, 225).In organisation/firms where the employees are umpteen, it proceeds very arduous to address the individual ask. Trade unions therefore collect the individual enquires and try to apply them to the whole group. This is especially the case with civil servants who work in sundry(a) regions of the state in different departments and therefore have different need.The trade unions address those necessarily by holding discussions with government officials and they may challenge the states labour law if they are to the d isadvantage of employees. The trade union in most countries have been known to cause remarkable changes in labour laws for example, setting the minimum wage that should be earned by any employee depending on the nature of job and category of job.Trade unions are effective more than individual employees especially in presenting individual rights since trade unions enjoy some spare from the industrial relations Bill in 2003. The trade unions are able to negotiate for the members interests as association of employers.Trade unions contribute to the formation of government policies concerning resource allocations and other matters that concern employees. Some trade union representatives are incorporated in the government indemnity making through writing proposals which the government use as guide in making the policies.The proposals consider the government resources and the forgiving resource (employees) needs and make suggestions on how the government can integrate both(prenominal) parties demands given the scarce resources. Though, even with the support from government through industrial relations Bill 2003, trade unions are face up with challenge of many cases taking long term to be completed. There have been many pending cases in royal romances as remark in the Irish government (Beardwell, 225).Trade unions have been delegated many duties that concern employee interests. However, trade union cannot represent the employees in full capacity to their employers. This has led to formation of non-union groups in the industries, organisations or firms.These non-union groups are mainly composed of employees who seek to represent the grievances to the employers with an aim of consensus through dialogue. The formation of non-union groups has been triggered by the disillusionments that have been ascertainred by many trade unions in Irish government. The disillusionment is highly attributed by the long period of time that many industrial cases take in labour cour t. In fact, the data from Irish government indicate that few races which may be less than ten cases have actually reached the determination stage (William and Adam Smith, 89). near companies argue that there is scarcity of piece resource in their firm and hence thus most times the labour is misused through denial of holiday leave some employees develop health complications due to overworking or work pressure. Some employees when they report the need to be given lighter job are threatened or are denied the right because of their race, ethnicity or religion. The employees can then sue the concerned organisation through the sponsored trade union for violation of occupational rubber and health act. This has brought positively charged results because employees have complied with the occupational arctic and health act due to the power that trade union are accorded by the industrial relation Act. close trade unions have been know to contribute greatly in the health and safety training of employees and employers and have had positive seismic disturbance on the force f trade union. In cases where the trade unions gain party prefer from employer or association of employers, through recognition, the trade union plans and strategies to address the issues that concern employees become very effective (Blyton,66). or so employers are reluctant to change the working conditions of their employees because they incur extra greet on the firm or organisation. The employers in such cases do not pay attention to employee suggestions or grievances but intervention of trade unions enhance the situation because most employees are alive(predicate) of the privileges that have been accorded trade unions by the industrial relations Act, 2003 (Edwards, 35).When an employer wants to introduce a raw technology that is likely to affect the employees, the employees object the introduction through trade unions. Most employers innovate ways in which to reduce operational costs withou t putting employees needs into consideration. In most cases, the adoption of the technology requires lay off of some employees and this would have an effect on the employees welfare.The trade union takes up the matter and negotiates with the employer on the meeting of the introduction on the economy. Most employers have been known to balance their interests with the employees due to the effective presentation by trade unions.Strikes are common in many nations. Strikes usually occur when the employees fail to act as per their agreement or sometimes strikes are done to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the employers services or treatment. Most employers have been noted to act very aggressively. Some employees gibe ton various studies done in UK have been seen to fire few employees instead and this brought a lot of criticism from employees and public. Trade unions become very crucial in such cases because they present the employees in court and sue for damages caused by the unfair dis missal of the employees. In most cases, when the cases in court are taken up by trade unions, they are acted upon very flying other than individual employees because of the recognition of trade unions.Employees are meant to relate with their employers well. The relationship between employer and employee should portray transparency and commitment by both parties towards the contract that they have entered into. Good employee-employer relationship enhances the achievement of the organisations or firms goal. When there is dialogue between employer and employee, the need for trade unions becomes insignificant.However, very few employers honour the terms and conditions of the contract according to occupational safety and health and yet they expect the employees to comply with the terms and conditions of the employment. The counter blossom of interest between the two parties necessitates the need for an independent association trade union. new(prenominal) wise, compliance by both parti es would prove positive results and would save time and cost on the firm or organisation incurred in legal proceedings.Most employees in UK have fall ined trade unions as shown by the government data. The employees have joined the trade unions because of their recognition for the need of an justice between then and the employees. The employees can exactly be presented if they are members of trade union. The membership is voluntary for all except members of defense.When most employees retire, there is tendency by the employers to fail to pay pensions. Trade unions have noted to be effective in claiming the employees rights especially pension funds. Most domestic jobs however do not have pension schemes for example the house keeping, shopkeeper attendant. This has check the performance of trade unions because however much they want to assist the employees, the nature of job cannot save the intervention of trade unions.Some employees have been known to abuse the trade unions po wer by failing to report of their absence from job and this limited the effectiveness of trade unions in presenting the employees. Negligence by employees through for example, deliberately destroying a telephoners wealth or resources like lighting a cigarette in a petrol station by an employee, cannot be protected. The employers sometimes use the trade unions as puppet to push for their needs and interests. This has led to ineffectiveness of many trade unions which have been disregarded by employers (Blyton, 33).The trade unions can liaise with the labour departments in many states. The relationship between trade unions and labour departments has produced good fruits in many countries because it has increased recognition and the effectiveness of the unions. The trade unions are known to gain favour from most governments hence the grievances of employees are addressed fast when they are represented through a trade union.The employee presentation through sponsored trade union can onl y be effective up to the point where the court ruling has been done. Beyond court ruling the employee presentation through trade union then becomes insignificant. The employees have to stick about to the court ruling whether it favours the employer or employee. Most employees have face disillusionment after the trade unions efforts are undermined by the industrial court (Edwards, 21).Higher presentation of employees in the trade unions has contributed to higher returns or positive results. This has been the inspiration by many employees to join trade unions. The industrial Relation Act in Irish government which was revise in 2003 has been seen to favour trade unions. However, the trade unions have realized their ineffectiveness due to the legislative system where many cases bide in court for so long. The trade unions in Irish government were accorded right to bargain though labour courts and labour Relations Commission were given great powers to resolve recognition and represent ation disputes (Beardwell, 213). many an(prenominal) countries are known to have standardized legislative systems which give industrial Courts right to deal with employees disputes. In countries, industrial courts clear trade unions more than individual employees. This had led to many employees been pressurized by the system to join trade union so that the disputes that have in industrial courts may be dealt with fast especially with intervention of trade unions.When trade unions are pushing for the employees interests, the employees go through at liberty to express them because they go forth not suffer victimization as would be the case if they pursued the interests or grievances as individual employees. The labour relations commissions however, has reported cases of disillusionment the failure of the parties in disputes to meet timescale and deadlines in many instance. The labour relations commission data in Irish government indicate that the failures are in most cases caused b y employers but trade unions are not exempted too.In Europe, most employees even those working in small firms have enrolled into trade unions and this deepen the services delivered to them. However, the effort of trade unions has been undermined by the size and nature of employment.Trade unions are supposed to be independent in their practices that are directed into addressing the employees needs. However, its easier said than done. Some trade union representatives in their leadership positions seek to gain favour from the government. This has led to few trade unions agree their mission and objectives and this has proved ineffectiveness of the trade unions as employee representative. In pursuit of favour from government officials or government itself, some union leaders have evaluate tribes and this caused serious repercussions for the employees grievances. Work CitedBeardwell Ian. A Critical Analysis. Contemporary industrial Relations vol.1 (1996) 212-311.Blyton I & Turnbull P. The Dynamics of Employee Relations.3rd ed. LondonPalgrave, 2004.Edwards P. Industrial Relations Theory and Practice in Britain.2nd ed. Oxford Basil Blackwell, 2003.Williams S and Adam Smith D. Contemporary Employment Relations. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006.