The Principles of Operant Conditioning

Description of a Restaurant To conduct the observation and examine the relations between parents and children according to the principles of operant conditioning, one of the McDonald’s restaurants was chosen. The observation was conducted on February 28, 2013. The time of the dinner was selected to have the opportunity to observe as many parents with children as possible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Principles of Operant Conditioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fast food restaurant has the large dining area which is divided into several blocks. To observe adults and children during their interactions, the most open area in the dining hall was chosen. It was also possible to see the cash register from the place for observing the subjects. Three Observations Positive reinforcement for desired behaviors. I observed the young Caucasian mother with the five or six years old daughter who were d ining at the table in the corner of the restaurant. The girl hesitated whether to drink or not the portion of the milk cocktail. The mother said that they had already paid for the cocktail. The girl decided to drink the whole portion of the cocktail. The mother encouraged the desired behavior with a smile and a praise, stating that her daughter was a good girl, and it was really better to drink and eat the whole portions ordered. Positive punishment for undesired behaviors. The Caucasian father in his thirties and a schoolboy (8-9 years old) were observed. The father and his son were standing at the cash register. The boy was capricious and asked the father to buy the big portion of ice-cream instead of a small one. The man did not pay attention to the boy’s words. The boy started to ask louder. The father asked the boy to be calm. The boy decided to cry louder to draw the father’s attention. The father reacted rather angrily and almost shouted at the boy, paying atten tion to the boy’s inappropriate behaviour and impossibility to buy the large portion of the ice-cream. The boy was offended, but he stopped crying and asking for the ice-cream. Negative punishment for undesired behaviors. The family consisting of a young Asian mother and two girls was observed. The girls were five or six years old. The family was dining. One girl ate well and did not look aside. However, the other girl was involving in playing with a doll, and paid less attention to eating. When the first girl ate the portion and continued to speak with the mother, the other girl stopped to eat because of playing with the doll. The mother noted that the girl’s behaviour was inappropriate and decided to take the doll away to provide the girl with the opportunity to eat her dinner. Comments and Reflections According to the example of the positive reinforcement for the desired behavior, the mother did not misuse the positive reinforcer to accentuate the daughter’s appropriate behaviour. It is possible to speak about the further repeats of the discussed behaviour to be encouraged by the mother’s praise because it is one of the easiest but rather emotional variant of reinforcement. Basing on the further observation, I also focused on the mother’s usage of discrimination while reinforcing the daughter. Discussing the example of the positive punishment for the undesired behavior, I can state that the father did not fail to operate the principle, but he misused it because the extremely aggressive reaction as the form of punishment could provoke the boy’s being scared or even the repetition of the undesired behaviour instead of stopping it. In spite of the positive results of the punishment, it cannot be considered as appropriate for the situation under discussion. The mother of two girls depicted in the third example used the negative punishment for the undesired behavior effectively because the reaction of the daughter to th e punishment was the immediate stop of the negative action. The undesired behaviour was the play with a doll while eating, and it was stopped when the stimulus in the form of the doll was taken away. Thus, the principle of operant conditioning was used successfully. Describe Any Examples of Generalization or Discrimination Paying attention to the behaviours of the parents in relation to their children, I could not observe the examples of generalization when persons provide the same response to some similar stimuli.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, I observed the example of discrimination when the desired behavior and the desired response were associated with the reinforced stimulus (Coon and Mitterer 247). Thus, the girl depicted in the first example is inclined to react to the stimulus provided only by her mother because she is reinforced with a smile or a praise. I observed that the girl was reinforced to use a napkin when it was necessary because her mother paid attention to her appropriate or positive behaviour. Nevertheless, the other behaviours which could not be discussed as necessary or positive were ignored. Therefore, it is possible to state that the mother developed the situation of discrimination. Works Cited Coon, Dennis, and John Mitterer. Psychology: A Journey. USA: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. This essay on The Principles of Operant Conditioning was written and submitted by user Count Nefaria to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Wall essays

The Wall essays The movie is basicly based on Pink Floyds life-story. And it all starts out with Pink Floyd having flashbacks of his earlier childhood, and remembering, when he was just a little kid going out in the playground, and playing all alone, and he had no father to be around him, whenever he needed him. And not having a father, that affected him the mostly very deep. He only had his mother to look after him, take care of him and protect him, which she also did, but it was still hard for him to be raised with one parent. And in the school, his teacher was very strict and rough against the children, and that also had an influence on him. But in his aduldt life, Pink Floyd is actually a musician and at first he is just a regular guy, but subsequently he begins to smoke and drink. The drinking and smoking causes him very serious issues, like his girlfriends leaving him and having an affair with another man. Then he finds another women, but scares her away later. And day after day it gets worse and worse for him, and he slowly becomes a drug addict. Then he lies back on his chair, isolated from everything, and living in a world of his own, he starts to think about his early days again. How it all began and how he had ended so far, as he is in this position. And in the end of the movie he gets picked up by his freinds, and they give him medicine, so he can get back on his feet again. Then they drive him to the show, so he can and make a speech, about his fasicm campaign. After the show his campaign ravages the stores, and other properties that belongs to foreigns. ...

Biography of Mohandas Gandhi, Indian Freedom Leader

Biography of Mohandas Gandhi, Indian Freedom Leader Mohandas Gandhi (October 2, 1869–January 30, 1948) was the father of the Indian independence movement. While fighting discrimination in South Africa, Gandhi developed satyagraha, a nonviolent way of protesting injustice. Returning to his birthplace of India, Gandhi spent his remaining years working to end British rule of his country and to better the lives of Indias poorest classes. Fast Facts: Mohandas Gandhi Known For: Leader of Indias independence movementAlso Known As: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Mahatma (Great Soul), Father of the Nation, Bapu (Father), GandhijiBorn: October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, IndiaParents: Karamchand and Putlibai GandhiDied: January 30, 1948 in New Delhi, IndiaEducation: Law degree, Inner Temple, London, EnglandPublished Works: Mohandas K. Gandhi, Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Freedoms BattleSpouse: Kasturba KapadiaChildren: Harilal Gandhi, Manilal Gandhi, Ramdas Gandhi, Devdas GandhiNotable Quote: The true measure of any society can be found in how it treats its most vulnerable members. Early Life Mohandas Gandhi was born October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India, the last child of his father Karamchand Gandhi and his fourth wife Putlibai. Young Gandhi was a shy, mediocre student. At age 13, he married Kasturba Kapadia  as part of an arranged marriage. She bore four sons and supported Gandhis endeavors until her 1944 death. In September 1888 at age 18, Gandhi left India alone to study law in London. He attempted to become an English gentleman, buying suits, fine-tuning his English accent, learning French, and taking music lessons. Deciding that was a waste of time and money, he spent the rest of his three-year stay as a serious student living a simple lifestyle. Gandhi also adopted vegetarianism and joined the London Vegetarian Society, whose intellectual crowd introduced Gandhi to authors Henry David Thoreau and Leo Tolstoy. He also studied the Bhagavad Gita, an epic poem sacred to Hindus. These books concepts set the foundation for his later beliefs. Gandhi passed the bar on June 10, 1891, and returned to India. For two years, he attempted to practice law but lacked the knowledge of Indian law and the self-confidence necessary to be a trial lawyer. Instead, he took on a year-long case in South Africa. South Africa At 23, Gandhi again left his family and set off for the British-governed Natal province in South Africa in May 1893. After a week, Gandhi was asked to go to the Dutch-governed Transvaal province. When Gandhi boarded the train, railroad officials ordered him to move to the third-class car. Gandhi, holding first-class tickets, refused. A policeman threw him off the train. As Gandhi talked to Indians in South Africa, he learned that such experiences were common. Sitting in the cold depot that first night of his trip, Gandhi debated returning to India or fighting the discrimination. He decided that he couldnt ignore these injustices. Gandhi spent 20 years bettering Indians rights in South Africa, becoming a resilient, potent leader against discrimination. He learned about Indian grievances, studied the law, wrote letters to officials, and organized petitions. On May 22, 1894, Gandhi established the Natal Indian Congress (NIC). Although it began as an organization for wealthy Indians, Gandhi expanded it to all classes and castes. He became a leader of South Africas Indian community, his activism covered by newspapers in England and India. Return to India In 1896 after three years in South Africa, Gandhi sailed to India to bring his wife and two sons back with him, returning in November. Gandhis ship was quarantined at the harbor for 23 days, but the real reason for the delay was an angry mob of whites at the dock who believed Gandhi was returning with Indians who would overrun South Africa. Gandhi sent his family to safety, but he was assaulted with bricks, rotten eggs, and fists. Police escorted him away. Gandhi refuted the claims against him but refused to prosecute those involved. The violence stopped, strengthening Gandhis prestige. Influenced by the  Gita, Gandhi wanted to purify his life by following the concepts of aparigraha  (nonpossession) and  samabhava  (equitability). A friend gave him Unto This Last  by  John Ruskin, which inspired Gandhi to establish Phoenix Settlement, a community outside Durban, in June 1904. The settlement focused on eliminating needless possessions and living in full equality. Gandhi moved his family and his newspaper, the  Indian Opinion, to the settlement. In 1906, believing that family life was detracting from his potential as a public advocate, Gandhi took the vow of  brahmacharya  (abstinence from sex). He simplified his vegetarianism to unspiced, usually uncooked foods- mostly fruits and nuts, which he believed would help quiet his urges. Satyagraha Gandhi believed that his vow of  brahmacharya  allowed him the focus to devise the concept of  satyagraha  in late 1906. In the simplest sense,  satyagraha  is passive resistance, but Gandhi described it as truth force, or natural right. He believed exploitation was possible only if the exploited and the exploiter accepted it, so seeing beyond the current situation provided power to change it. In practice,  satyagraha  is nonviolent resistance to injustice. A  person using satyagraha could resist injustice by refusing to follow an unjust law or putting up with physical assaults and/or confiscation of his property without anger. There would be no winners or losers; all would understand the truth and agree to rescind the unjust law. Gandhi first organized satyagraha  against the Asiatic Registration Law, or Black Act, which passed in March 1907. It required all Indians to be fingerprinted and carry registration documents at all times. Indians refused fingerprinting and picketed documentation offices. Protests were organized, miners went on strike, and Indians illegally traveled from Natal to the Transvaal in opposition to the act. Many protesters, including Gandhi, were beaten and arrested. After seven years of protest, the Black Act was repealed. The nonviolent protest had succeeded. Back to India After 20 years in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India. By the time he arrived, press reports of his South African triumphs had made him a national hero. He traveled the country for a year before beginning reforms. Gandhi found that his fame conflicted with observing conditions of the poor, so he wore a loincloth (dhoti) and sandals, the garb of the masses, during this journey. In cold weather, he added a shawl. This became his lifetime wardrobe. Gandhi founded another communal settlement in Ahmadabad called Sabarmati Ashram. For the next 16 years, Gandhi lived there with his family. He was also given the honorary title of Mahatma, or Great Soul. Many credit Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, winner of the 1913  Nobel Prize for Literature, for awarding Gandhi this name. Peasants viewed Gandhi as a holy man, but he disliked the title because it implied he was special. He viewed himself as ordinary. After the year ended, Gandhi still felt stifled because of World War I. As part of  satyagraha, Gandhi had vowed never to take advantage of an opponents troubles. With the British in a major conflict, Gandhi couldnt fight them for Indian freedom. Instead, he used satyagraha  to erase inequities among Indians. Gandhi persuaded landlords to stop forcing tenant farmers to pay increased rent by appealing to their morals and fasted to convince mill owners to settle a strike. Because of Gandhis prestige, people didnt want to be responsible for his death from fasting. Confronting British When the war ended, Gandhi focused on the fight for Indian self-rule (swaraj). In 1919, the British handed Gandhi a cause: the Rowlatt Act, which gave the British nearly free rein to detain revolutionary elements without trial. Gandhi organized a hartal (strike), which began on March 30, 1919. Unfortunately, the protest turned violent. Gandhi ended the  hartal  once he heard about the violence, but more than 300 Indians had died and more than 1,100 were injured from British reprisals in the city of Amritsar.  Satyagraha  hadnt been achieved, but the Amritsar Massacre  fueled Indian opinions against the British. The violence showed Gandhi that the Indian people didnt fully believe in satyagraha. He spent much of the 1920s advocating for it  and struggling to keep protests peaceful. Gandhi also began advocating self-reliance as a path to freedom. Since the British established India as a colony, Indians had supplied Britain with raw fiber and then imported the resulting cloth from England. Gandhi advocated that Indians spin their own cloth, popularizing the idea by traveling with a spinning wheel, often spinning yarn while giving a speech. The image of the spinning wheel (charkha) became a symbol for independence. In March 1922, Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in prison for sedition. After two years, he was released following surgery to find his country embroiled in violence between Muslims and Hindus. When Gandhi began a 21-day fast still ill from surgery, many thought he would die, but he rallied. The fast created a temporary peace. Salt March In December 1928, Gandhi and the Indian National Congress (INC) announced a challenge to the British government. If India wasnt granted Commonwealth status by December 31, 1929, they would organize a nationwide protest against British taxes. The deadline passed without change. Gandhi chose to protest the British salt tax because salt was used in everyday cooking, even by the poorest. The Salt March began a nationwide boycott starting March 12,  1930, when Gandhi and 78 followers walked 200 miles from the Sabarmati Ashram to the sea. The group grew along the way, reaching 2,000 to 3,000. When they reached the coastal town of Dandi on April 5, they prayed all night. In the morning, Gandhi made a presentation of picking up a piece of sea salt from the beach. Technically, he had broken the law. Thus began an endeavor for Indians to make salt. Some picked up loose salt on the beaches, while others evaporated saltwater. Indian-made salt soon was sold nationwide. Peaceful picketing and marches were conducted. The British responded with mass arrests. Protesters Beaten When Gandhi announced a march on the government-owned Dharasana Saltworks, the British imprisoned him without trial. Although they hoped Gandhis arrest would stop the march, they underestimated his followers. The poet  Sarojini Naidu  led 2,500 marchers. As they reached the waiting police, the marchers were beaten with clubs. News of the brutal beating of peaceful protesters shocked the world. British viceroy Lord Irwin met with Gandhi and they agreed on the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which granted limited salt production and freedom for the protesters if Gandhi called off the protests. While many Indians believed that Gandhi hadnt gotten enough from the negotiations, he viewed it as a step toward independence. Independence After the success of the  Salt March, Gandhi conducted another fast that enhanced his image as a holy man or prophet. Dismayed at the adulation, Gandhi retired from politics in 1934 at age 64. He came out of retirement five years later when the British viceroy announced, without consulting Indian leaders, that India would side with England during  World War II. This revitalized the Indian independence movement. Many British parliamentarians realized they were facing mass protests and began discussing an independent India. Although Prime Minister  Winston Churchill  opposed losing India as a colony, the British announced in March 1941 that it would free India after  World War II. Gandhi wanted independence sooner and organized a Quit India campaign in 1942. The British again jailed Gandhi. Hindu-Muslim Conflict When Gandhi was released in 1944, independence seemed near. Huge disagreements, however, arose between Hindus and Muslims. Because the majority of Indians were Hindu, Muslims feared losing political power if India became independent. The Muslims wanted six provinces in northwest India, where Muslims predominated, to become an independent country. Gandhi opposed partitioning India and tried to bring the sides together, but that proved too difficult even for the Mahatma. Violence erupted; entire towns were burned. Gandhi toured India, hoping his presence could curb the violence. Although violence stopped where Gandhi visited, he couldnt be everywhere. Partition The British, seeing India headed for civil war, decided to leave in August 1947. Before leaving, they got the Hindus, against Gandhis wishes, to agree to a  partition plan. On August 15, 1947, Britain granted independence to India and to the newly formed Muslim country of Pakistan. Millions of Muslims marched from India to Pakistan, and millions of Hindus in Pakistan walked to India. Many refugees died from illness, exposure, and dehydration. As 15 million Indians became uprooted from their homes, Hindus and Muslims attacked each other. Gandhi once again went on a fast. He would only eat again, he stated, once he saw clear plans to stop the violence. The fast began on January 13, 1948. Realizing that the frail, aged Gandhi couldnt withstand a long fast, the sides collaborated. On January 18, more than 100 representatives approached Gandhi with a promise for peace, ending his fast. Assassination Not everyone approved of the plan. Some radical Hindu groups believed that India shouldnt have been partitioned, blaming Gandhi. On January 30, 1948, the 78-year-old Gandhi spent his day discussing issues. Just past 5 p.m., Gandhi began the walk, supported by two grandnieces, to the Birla House, where he was staying in New Delhi, for a prayer meeting. A crowd surrounded him. A young Hindu named Nathuram Godse stopped before him and bowed. Gandhi bowed back. Godse shot Gandhi three times. Although Gandhi had survived five other assassination attempts, he fell to the ground, dead. Legacy Gandhis concept of nonviolent protest attracted the organizers of numerous demonstrations and movements. Civil rights leaders, especially Martin Luther King Jr., adopted Gandhis model for their own struggles. Research in the second half of the 20th century established Gandhi as a great mediator and reconciler, resolving conflicts between older moderate politicians and young radicals, political terrorists and parliamentarians, urban intelligentsia and rural masses, Hindus and Muslims, as well as Indians and British. He was the  catalyst,  if not the initiator, of three major revolutions of the 20th century: movements against colonialism, racism, and violence. His deepest strivings were spiritual, but unlike many fellow Indians with such  aspirations, he didnt retire to a Himalayan cave  to meditate. Rather, he took his cave with him everywhere he went. And, he left his thoughts to posterity: His collected writings had reached 100 volumes by the early 21st century. Sources Mahatma Gandhi: Indian Leader. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Mahatma Gandhi. History.com.

What Have I Learned during the Entrepreneurship Programme and How Can Essay

What Have I Learned during the Entrepreneurship Programme and How Can I Apply this in My Future Career - Essay Example The path-breaking study is basically based on broad field research, some work experience and academic study (Chesbrough, 2003). There are many well known companies who have adopted this approach and got facilitated from it. This open innovation is creating a great opportunity for all the entrepreneurs so that they can learn through their experience and apply all those profit-making strategies in their own business so that they can expand their business and acquire maximum profit. This also led to the enhancement of entrepreneurship since it shows how one man can contribute to the industry and how one individual can show creativity on their own. Open Innovation basically show how organizations can utilize the business model in order to identify a more distinguished role of research and development in the world containing abundant information, make advancement in their existing business, enhanced management and access of intellectual property, and develop their business for future (Mor en, 2010). Companies belongs to different industries must transform in a way similar to the one in which they have commercialize knowledge, and with this open innovation, entrepreneurs can unfasten the hidden economic value with respect to ideas as well as technologies. Who an entrepreneur is? An entrepreneur is actually a person who expands or creates new ideas while taking the risk of establishing a new enterprise in order to produce products and services which satisfy the need of the customers. (Pett, 2006). Every entrepreneur is a business person however; every business persons are not at all entrepreneurs. Let take a look at why every business person cannot be or are not an entrepreneur. Take an example from our daily life, an old woman who sits near your home and sells the same kind of food with same taste and quantity, even the quality remains the same. Her so-called stall remains unchanged which does not at all bring any change in her living standard not even for some apprec iable extent.  

Maquilapolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maquilapolis - Essay Example This allows tackling of successive challenges within the women group alongside a replacement of pity and hopelessness by determination and uplifting faith. The moment of activism is from collaboration of three sweatshops employees with Funari, her co director and De La Torre the artist photographer. ‘Maquilapolis: city of factories’ takes us to Tijuana where Mequiladoras takes advantage of cheap labor and low taxes. Most of The workers are women who take the mental of championing for justice and necessary changes. Social, environmental and economic changes from industrialization results to pollution, joblessness and poverty in Mexico, that is sentimental in the film. Carmen and Lourdes are the women at the centre of the film. Manufacturing and assembly plants are full of women who make consumer goods for long hours in unsafe conditions and low wage. Horrors of industrialization get some expression through self-confession. Workers face exposure to chemicals that damage skin, lungs, and nasal passage. Kidney complications are not exception here as in most places of work drinking and urination is illegal. Apart from factories, home environment is also a delicate this makes most of the workers and their families to be abreast with pollution. A shantytown is their home where the waste products from factories are eminent. The lack of union representation, laxity in dealing with problems of workers and fight for women to develop their work environs is a centre of attention. Millions of workers weave the consumer nation’s fabric of life through productions of television, electric cables, toys, clothes, batteries and IV tubes. In the due process, Carmen and her colleagues reach the optimum struggle and organize for a change. Carmen takes to task a major TV manufacturer for the violation of her labor rights and gets a pay to improve her life. Lourdes and her associate group pressurize the authorities for a cleanup of

Jail and Prison Comparison Paper Essay Example for Free

Jail and Prison Comparison Paper Essay Jail is usually the first place a person is taken after being arrested by police officers. The authority of states to build, operate, and fill jails can be found in the Tenth Amendment, which has been construed to grant to states the power to pass their own laws to preserve the safety, health, and welfare of their communities. Jail is to protect the public and citizens of county by providing a wide range of constructive, professional correctional services for pre-trial and convicted detainees. Jail is also ensure the safety and welfare of staff, visitors, and offenders by operating facilities and programs in a secure, humane environment which meets professional and standards and constitutional requirements. It reduces the rate to reincarceration by providing offenders with the opportunity for self improvement and the inner resources necessary to make a successful adjustment within the community. An act of 1790 brought about sweeping reforms in the prison and authorized a penitentiary house with 16 cells to be built in the yard of the jail to carry out solitary confinement with labor for hardened atrocious offenders. Jails are run by the county of a state and serve as locally-operated holding places, usually for brief periods of incarceration or as a detention place before and during trial and other legal matters. For example, someone convicted of a misdemeanor crime would be jail. In addition, the sentence must be less than a year. Jails are especially for someone being he ld in custody for trail, or they couldn’t afford bail, or they were just arrested will be held in the county jail, not prison. As such, jails are impermanent county residences, and lack many of the amenities and programs that the large prisons have. Jails are usually run by the sheriff or the local government. According to the Department of Justice, there are approximately 3,600 jails in the United States. On the hand, prisons are federal or state-run. Prisons are generally much bigger and much more high-security levels. Inmates convicted of federal felonies usually go to federal prison, and those convicted of state felonies go to state prison. Prisons often have very elaborate education and vocational training programs, halfway house service, work-release programs, and recreational and entertainment facilities. The original history of the federal prison system started back in the 1890s but it was not until 1930 that president Hoover signed a bill establishing a federal prison system that would actually start the building of actual federal facilities. The federal system had been relying on the state and local levels of government to house their prisoners. The Federal Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice and charged with the management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions. This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time. As time has passed and laws have changed, the Bureaus responsibilities have grown, as has the prison population. At the end of 1930, the agency operated 14 facilities for just over 13,000 inmates. By 1940, the Bureau had grown to 24 facilities with 24,360 inmates. Except for a few fluctuations, the number of inmates did not change significantly between 1940 and 1980, when the population was 24,252, according to Federal Bureau of Prison. However, the number of facilities almost doubled from 24 to 44 as the Bureau gradually moved from operating large facilities confining inmates of many security levels to operating smaller facilities that each confined inmates with similar security needs. The federal prison incarcerated for longer time and associated with White Collar criminals. Some of the crimes that fall under federal crimes are drug dealer, political person, false insurance, bank robbery, and many more. On the other hand, the state prison system has been in existence since the early 1800s with the building of Sing Sing state prison. Sing Sing state prison is one of the oldest state penitentiaries in existence today and is still in use. The state prisons also refer to blue collar criminals. The state prison system is devised of a network of small prisons that hold most of the United States prison populations. Since the beginning of penitentiaries in each state growth has been a rising issue. Many states have to provide millions of dollars to their prison systems. Those who commit state or break the state roles, they will automatically be sent to state prison and wait for federal if there is any. Some crimes that can be incarcerated within a state prison such as habitual offender, sex offender, drug user , and other violent crime offender. In the State Prison, there are five security level have been established for correctional facilities and inmates are low security, medium security, high security, and maximum security. Inmates have been conditionally released into the community but remain under the supervision of the Department of Corrections. Low security includes Work Farms, Boot Camps, Forestry Camps, etc. Basically these are either first time low-risk offenders or inmates who have worked themselves up in the system and are possibly on their way out of prison. Being considered low risk, affords the inmate to better living conditions and a few more freedoms. They have earned the trust of the institution. This is why we believe it’s imperative to tell your family member to steer clear of any trouble during their incarceration. Minimum security categorize for inmates coming up in their time or those inmates that have committed a less severe crime. This level of inmate can be trusted and is usually designated as a form of trustee or in a trusted work detail. Medium security, 3 inmates are typical of any placement for someone headed to prison. You must earn the trust from the staff at all levels to work your way up. This level of inmate has some rights and freedoms, but not many. Finally, maximum security is typically in lockdown most of their time and are usually the more violent or feared members of the population. To be housed at this level the inmate must have performed an extremely violent crime. There are basically no freedoms unless the Max inmate is housed with other max inmates, and they are only allowed out for one hour per day. This is not always the case with every prison, jail or detention facility. Some offer multiple programs and allow limited movement, classes, details and freedom for all inmates. According to the Department of Justice, there are minimum security, low security, medium security, and high security in the Federal Prison system. Minimum security institution is also known as Federal Prison Camps have dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing. These institutions are work- and program-oriented; and many are located adjacent to larger institutions or on military bases, where inmates help serve the labor needs of the larger institution or base. Low ecurity Federal Correctional Institutions have double-fenced perimeters, mostly dormitory or cubicle housing, and strong work and program components. The staff-to-inmate ratio in these institutions is higher than in minimum security facilities. Medium security have strengthened perimeters (often double fences with electronic detection systems), mostly cell-type housing, a wide variety of work and treatment programs, an even higher staff-to-inmate ratio than low security FC Is, and even greater internal controls. Finally, High security institutions know as United States Penitentiaries have highly secured perimeters (featuring walls or reinforced fences), multiple- and single-occupant cell housing, the highest staff-to-inmate ratio, and close control of inmate movement. Some of the factors influencing the growth in jail are drug offenders sex offenders, violent offenders, increase in time served women offenders. The corrections system does four fundamental things. The first three, basic life care for offenders, risk identification and risk management, cover the bases of managing offenders. However, only risk reduction â€Å"hits a home run† to significantly affect offender outcomes and community safety. According to the National Institute of Corrections, appropriate treatment reduces recidivism by 30%. In recent years community-based corrections has been trained in and begun implementing evidence-based practices. In recent years community-based corrections has been trained in and begun implementing evidence-based practices.

Creative Commons Essay -- Music Musical File Sharing Essays

Creative Commons Creative Commons encourages artists to share and distribute their work for free. And that could be the key to a new multibillion-dollar industry. People can widely redistribute other people works, as long as they provide the credit to the authors; create new works based on an existing ones, provided they offer those derivations back to the public on the same terms. This paper analyzes the conflicts between the need of technology for creativity and innovation versus the legal aspect of copyright. An alternative emerging approach for licensing music, software, research paper and many other resources on the internet, creative common sharing copyright, is introduced. The paper does not analyze if creative commons is ethical or not; the answer will be yes under all ethical approaches. An ethical analysis on intellectual property, using multiple approaches, is instead presented. Technology and Legal Trend Restriction imposed by intellectual property law, for someone like Laurence Lessig, chairman is a professor of law at Stanford and founder of the School's Center for Internet and Society, have run out of control. The restriction impose by the market and by the state are affecting and threatening internet. Changes in the copyright and patent laws and the regulation of broadcast seem to protect the interest of few against new way of doing things. Law and technology are constantly increasing control on the uses of creative works at a level never seen in history before. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not permit, under the law, the usage of copyrighted material for fair use. Bill Gates recently stated that "If people had understood how patents would be granted when... ...andy Starr, The Creative Commons, February 2004, http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CA401.htm 4. Joe Kaplinsky, Who owns ideas?, Frebruary 2002, http://www.spiked-online.com/articles/00000002D42C.htm 5. Sandy Starr, Copycat copyright, March 2003, http://www.spiked-online.com/articles/00000006DCC2.htm 6.Chris Evans, Tightening the net, June 2002, http://www.spiked-online.com/articles/00000006D929.htm 7.Dwight Duego, The boundary of Intellectual Property, January 2004, http://www.adtmag.com/article.asp?id=8778 8. Mark Alfino, Intellectual Property and Copyright Ethics, Business and Professional Ethics Journal, Vol.10 No.85, http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/alfino/dossier/Papers/COPYRIGH.htm Useful Links 1. www.creativecommons.org 2. http://www.lessig.org 3. http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/ 4. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/home/

Vactions on the Beach vs. the Mountain

Vacations at the Beach Vs. Mountains People are always looking forward to their family vacation time. There are many options where to choose. But, I think that the two most common places people choose for taking a vacation are the beaches, and the mountains. Both places offer a variety of fun activities. Vacation at the mountains and at the beaches is totally different from each other, regarding climate, types of activities, and the location of beaches and mountains. Climate is always important in order to enjoy vacation.If a person dislikes cold weather, he or she might have a hard time in the mountains. The cold climate in the mountains is the first obstacle people have to overcome to have a great time. As it may be true, the warm climate is one of the most important features that the beach has to offer. Sun and fun are two words that describe the beach. The temperature in those places is mostly always hot and humid. Climate plays a big role in choosing the next family vacation. Th e variety and types of activities in the mountains and beaches differ as well.Even more as the climates are different that also makes the activities they both offer different as well. In contrast with the mountains, some activities a person can enjoy at the beach would be swimming, playing volley ball, snorkeling, surfing, and boating. On the other hand, a vacation at the mountains offers a wide variety of activates, like snowboarding, skiing, mountain climbing, and hiking are some of the activities people can enjoy when going to the mountains. Location also plays a big difference in a vacation, at the beach or in the mountains.The regions that have mountains are where people can go to have a great vacation. In addition Whistler, Canada is a city located in North America and contains many mountain vacation sites people from all around the world travel there and plan their vacation. Nevertheless, in most coastal cities there is night clubs, and restaurants where people can dance and have fun throughout the night. Mexico offers many amazing coastal cities to visit. Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, and Cancun are the three of the most beautiful and famous beaches in the North America.It really doesn’t matter what place a person decides to choose. Indeed a person can have just as much fun experiencing ether one. People often make a decision depending on one of the tree options to plan their vacation. Depending on that and what the person likes is what he or she will choose. I enjoy the beach just as much as the mountains. The mountain offers me a place to take a risk and enjoy the slopes. But the contrast in both the mountains and the beach is the climate, activities, and the location.

Bullying and Fun Thing Essay

Schools from all over the world should really start preventing all this bullying thats going on. I find it bad that everyone makes fun of everyone. Either if it’s cyberbullying or just bullying, it’s a problem for a lot of students. In order to prevent bullying and all of this harassment, there’s so many things that I’d think can solve this problem. One of the first things that i think could be a solution for all of this would be talking to all of their parents, have a meeting about it, because most of their parents are also bullies. For example, that mother in Missouri who was making pretend she was a guy named Josh Evans on myspace and was cyberbullying her daughters friend just because she wanted revenge on that poor little girl and then she committed suicide. This all needs to stop! Parents are supposed to be setting an example for their children but they’re really not doing that correctly. More and more kids are losing their lifes because of this. It really isn’t a fun thing to do, the only thing you’re really doing is hurting and making them feel really bad. Noone would like it if someone else would do it to you. Changing the subject, the community should be more aware of this in my opinion. I feel like they need to step up a whole lot and make them have some changes around. The police should track on the computer everything that happens with everyone now a days, and if there’s any cyberbullying going on then they should just simply arrest them. They should be more stricter about it, not just around the community but also in schools. Sometimes I feel like they’re really not doing anything about bullying. I feel like noone cares at all, especially after what happened with the young adults that commited suicided these past few years.

buy custom National Liberation Front essay

buy custom National Liberation Front essay The greater part of the population in Algeria was composed of the native Arabs as well as the Muslim faith Barbers. There was also a considerable proportion of the settlers whose origin were the European regions and most of them were Christians as well as Jewish. Prior to the time of the invasion, Islam happened to be the existing religion dating back from the time of Arabic invasion. Christianity was later introduced by the French which proliferated in a fast manner to become the major religion in the country. This resulted to the creation of a break up between the Algerians affiliated to Christianity from the ones who were affiliated to Islam (Aussaresses, 2006). Colonization was also responsible for the creation of duel personality in as far as Algeria was concerned Most of the posts of administration had been taken up by the French there were great disparities between the standards of living of settlers in comparison to those one of the natives. This was also a major factor that was responsible for the widening of the chasm that caused a separation of the two communities. At the time that the combatants of Algeria who took active role in World War 2 in the context of the framework of the Free French Forces and also in addition to the ones who participated in Indochina war came back home, they rejected to belong to the citizens of second class category while at their own country. This was the starting point for the onset of nationalist movements that at the time existed in a state that was more or less latent to initiate the perpetration of actions resulting to violence (Maran, 1989). At that particular time prior to the war, in France, there occurred a high level of opposition in as far as the conflict was concerned in consideration of the majo rity of the population segments with specific reference to the leftis, whereby French Communist Party which was at the time the most strong political party in the country, offered its support to Algerian Revolution. A high number of the conscripts relatives in addition to the reserve soldiers endured great extent of pain in addition to losses. There were also torture revelations in addition to the random brutality by the army to the populations of the Muslims. This was a cause of the escalation of proliferated revulsion in addition to the noteworthy constituency that propped up the principle allied to national liberation. There also an increase in international pressure that targeted France with respect to giving independence to Algeria. (Windrow, 1997). As a result of the support that was given to National Liberation Front, F.L.N., by a variety of the neighboring countries which played the role of being their sanctuary as well as supplying them with the arms as well as the ammunitions, a secret organization was created by F.L.N. this initiated the rallying as well as the elimination of the political rivals with the use of persuasion techniques in addition to the terrorism acts leading to the formation of the armed wing, the A.L.N, that later was involved in the engagement of the intensive operations of the military against the force of the French that were stationed in the land of the Algerians. Buy custom National Liberation Front essay

Business Environment Fonterra Co-Operative- Samples for Students

Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited is one of the leading dairy cooperatives in the world with its roots in New Zealand. The pany was established in the year 2001 through the merging two New Zealand's dairy section players; Kiwi Cooperative Dairies and the New Zealand Dairy Group. Currently, the pany takes a share of about 30% of the total world’s dairy exports and is now the biggest pany in New Zealand. Therefore, its existence in the country has positively impacted on the economy of New Zealand employing millions of the people to work in the pany ("Home," n.d.). Fonterra operates in an international context and has many subsidiaries in the world. The primary business of Fonterra is to collect, manufacture and sell milk and milk-products in the market. It also handles fast moving consumer goods (abbreviated as FMCG), together with the food service business where it has employed many professionals for restaurants and bakeries. Therefore, the pany sells its products directly to the consumers and also provides some out-of -home food service in various parts of the world. Besides, the organization has also partnered with many food panies where it supplies them with dairy products. The pany has established five segments through which it operates. Each segment has its various activities of operation that work together to form the plete organization. The first part of Fonterra is the Global Ingredients and Operations (GIO), which deals in processing and production of milk and milk products together with marketing these products. The second segment is the Oceania, which specializes in the consumer goods in New Zealand ("Home," n.d.). The third section is the Greater China which operates in China dealing FMCG, food service and farming businesses mostly in the region of the greater China. Also, there is a segment called Oceania, handling the pany's business in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Lastly, there a section called Latin America serving the Caribbean and South America. It handles the FMCG and it ingredients businesses. Fayol’s management principles of division of work, centralization and remuneration can be applied to the operation of Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited for effectiveness. The performance of Fonterra is greatly attributed to the management decisions (Brunsson, 2008). Firstly, principle of division of work is important; where the work load is divided among employees or various groups of employees to ensure they are the focus and concentrate on one task. In as much as Fonterra has shown efforts of embracing division of work, there is need to do more about it. The pany can divide its operation task and then mandate its various segments to deal in these portions of work. This likely to help employees increase specialization which in turn improve their productivity (Cran, 2016). Also, the degree of centralization is another principle of management that Fayol suggested that it needs to be considered. Depending on the size of the pany, there should be efforts to balance management and decision making (Van, 2009).  Organizations should strive to maintain this balance for effectiveness. Fonterra has centralization in its structure and a lot of decision making authority lies on the senior management staff in the pany. The organization should make efforts to ensure that the balance in decision making is attained (Angelo & Ricky, 2009). Besides, Fayol discussed remuneration is one of the key aspects of successful management. Employees need sufficient pensation both financial and non-financial. Remuneration contributes to the satisfaction of the employees thus increasing their motivation (McLean, 2011). The pany should consider various factors in determining the remuneration of the workers. These factors include the cost of living, the general business conditions and the business success among many other aspects. Sufficient remuneration package will motivate the employees, reduce their financial stress and thus increase their productivity in the organization thus it should never be under looked at any point (Almashaqba&Nemer, 2010). Every pany has its own culture, which defines the way an organization does things.The corporate culture entails various areas such as the pany’s expectations, its experiences, the philosophy and the values that guide the organization’s working and its general operation. It is based on a shared belief of the team that is expected to help it perform better. The business leaders are usually responsible for formulating the culture and municating at the workplace (Tsai, 2011). Regarding the Fonterra's culture, the organization founded on a mission of working towards being the leader in the provision of dairy products all over the world, and positioning its products and services above all similar products on the globe (The Tipster, 2013).The organization is driven by a vision statement of sharing the natural source of proteins to the world by reaching the every person, everywhere and every day. The pany operates on values to enable them to bine personal strengths with those of others to Fonterra stronger, better more innovative (Costanza et al., 2015).Therefore, the vision, mission and value statements have played a major role in municating the culture of the pany. Also, Fonterra runs on a cooperative philosophy which has been incorporated into the organizational culture. Some of these philosophies include the restriction that shares in Fonterra Group can only be held the supplying shareholders who agree to a dual mitment to supply milk and invest their capital to the business (Kleinbaum, 2013).  The supplying parties must also own shares in the co-operative and also shares the financial benefits proportionally according to the shares they hold in the co-operative. The management control of Fonterra is controlled by the supplying shareholders who elect through voting. Fonterra maintains the culture of mutual benefit and sustainability and the transparency in the transactions of the pany. This culture governs Fonterra and has the power of control on the way things are done at Fonterra (Boddy, 2011). Fonterra operates in a business context just like any other business. The operation, decision and moves of the pany are influenced by the corporate environment in which the business operates. It is important to establish both the macro and micro environment in which the business operates. The macro business environment of Fonterra can be analyzed using PESTLE analysis which covers all contextual factors that affect the pany. PESTLE is an abbreviation for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors (Steven & Britt, 2008). Politically, the decisions and operations of Fonterra are influenced by the politics of the countries in which it carries out business. In some cases, the pany experiences restrictions of trademarks, labeling actions, bio-diversity and quota's arguments. Regarding economic factors, Fonterra experiences influence in its operations due to these factors. They usually e from the economic state of the world, variations in foreign currency and also the changing demands for dairy products (Michael, 2008).  These economic factors mainly cause general economic effects in the world. Socially, there is a rapid increase in the dairy needs in the world consumer markets. Thus, Fonterra is currently enjoying the social effects of the growth in nutrition demands (Charles, 2012). Fonterra’s environment is also affected by the technological factors. New technologies that affect the operation of the pany are ing to the market, and Fonterra has to adopt them. Some of these technologies include the technology for cooling, heating and also transportation. Environmental factors also affect the operation of the pany. The atmospheric conditions of New Zealand vary a lot like increased greenhouse effect, and this affects the performance of his dairy pany. Besides, the existing legal systems affect the operation of Fonterra in the market. Some policies and regulations influence the operation of the business such permissions or restrictions to conduct certain businesses (Hamlin, 2015). Also, there are various legal structures that exist regarding the legal rights of the employees, the farmers and other people living in the system. Apart from the macro environmental factors, Fonterra is also affected by the micro environmental factors. These are factors that exist internally within the organization such as their leadership and other in house aspects of Fonterra. The pany has experienced a fall in the share of the milk products in New Zealand market due to tight petition in the industry, and this has affected the operation of this organization. Also, the demand for milk products is not easily predicted and thus affects Fonterra's business. These internal factors among others have influenced the performance of the organization (Philip& Gary, 2014). As a summary, managing a business organization entails many aspects for consideration. The success of a given business enterprise is greatly attributed to its management. Fonterra, just like other business organizations in the world, has dedicated itself to deliver the milk, milk products, and food service to people all over the world. The pany has an established management structure in place which guides its operation. Various Fayal's theories can be applied to the process of Fonterra. The organization has adopted a mechanistic governance structure and therefore,it employs most of the Fayal’s principles. Some of these theoretical principles include centralization where the organization has a hierarchical management structure, the division of work and specialization where employees are the workers are assigned specific tasks for a long time for mastery. Fonterra also emphasizes on Fayal's principle which emphasizes on the remuneration of the employees. The organization has a culture in place that dictates its operation. Formulation and adoption are cultures a responsibility resting upon the management of this business enterprise. The pany has its mission, vision, values, and principles laid in place. This aspect of the corporate culture dictates the way Fonterra runs its business. Also as a summary, Fonterra is also influenced by the macro environment (factors outside the business organization) and micro environmental factors (those from within the pany). An understanding of both the internal and external business environment is important for the management of the organization that helps it for its success. Fonterra has the potential of sustaining its top position for a long time. The pany needs to put in place appropriate management strategies to ensure that the profitability of the organization increases continuously. The management should concentrate on reaching many customers around the globe for its growth. One of the best strategies to achieve this is through partnering with various food and nutrition organizations. The partnership will increase the volume sales of Fonterra's products and services improve the brand name and reach more customers. Fonterra should expand its efforts to target the global market. This increases diversification of the market thus increasing profitability and its general sustainability (Teixeira et al., 2012). Organizational culture is also a critical tool that the management team of Fonterra can adopt for effectiveness. Culture is a robust element that has control on the operation of the pany, either positively or negatively. Fonterra should capitalize on the power of corporate culture through formulation, policies, and procedures that can be useful for the performance of the pany. Internal culture will guide employees on the expectations of the pany and also help manage successions when one employee leaves the pany. Therefore, there is need to identify all important aspects necessary for the success of Fonterra and then municate them effectively to people (Cameron, 2014). Besides, Fonterra's management must consider adopting appropriate marketing strategies for the organization. The Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP) strategies are effective in the management and the success of the pany. Fonterra's management has shown efforts to embrace STP strategies. However, the pany needs to do more about this. Firstly, Fonterra should segment its market further depending on various factors or characteristics of the available market. The pany can divide the market based on various aspects such as their consumption patterns, the purchase ability, their geographical location, their age and many other issues. This is necessary for successful management. It is also r mended that the management team of Fonterra should also consider targeting the segmented groups of customers. The pany should produce the milk products that suit the characteristics of these specific groups of people. For example, the milk products should be packaged into smaller quantities that suit the suits consumers with lower purchase ability. Also, the pany should continue positioning its products and services in the market above many others to ensure that the brand name stays top in the market. bining these management strategies is likely to help increase the profitability of the organization thus giving it a petitive advantage over other players in the environment. This is likely to increase its sustainability and ensure it remains a top player in the dairy market Almashaqba, Z. &Nemer A., (2010). "The Classical Theory of Organization and its Relevance." International Research Journal of Finance & Economics. 41: 60–67. Angelo S. & Ricky G. (2009). Human Resources Management, Biztantra Publication, New Delhi 2nd edition. Boddy, R. (2011).  Corporate Psychopaths: Organizational Destroyers, Palgrave Macmillan Brunsson, K. (2008). "Some Effects of Fayolism." International Studies Of Management & Organization.  38  (1): 30–47. Cameron, B. (2014). Management. Strategic Leadership Review, pp. 22-27. Charles L. (2012). Essentials of Marketing (7e ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Costanza, David P., Nikki B., Meredith R., Jamie B., and Arwen H. (2015). â€Å"The Effect of Adaptive Organizational Culture on Long-Term Survival.†Ã‚  J Bus Psychology Journal of Business and Psychology, 1-21. Web. Cran, C.,  (2016). The Art of Change Leadership: Driving Transformation In a Fast-Paced World,  Wiley, Hoboken, N.J.   pp. 174–75 Hamlin, R. (2015).  "Niche Marketing and Farm Diversification Processes: Insights From New Zealand And Canada." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fonterra /nz/en.html Kleinbaum, A. (2013).  Creating a Culture of Profitability, Probabilistic Publishing,  ISBN  978-0964793897   McLean, J. (2011). "Fayol-Standing the test of time".  British Journal of Administrative Management  (74): 32–33. Michael J., et al. (2008).  Organizational munication Perspectives and Trends  (4th Ed.). Sage Publications. Philip K. & Gary A, (2014).  Principles of Marketing,  Pearson Steven M. & Britt, W. (2008).  Organizational Psychology, A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, John Wiley & Sons,  ISBN  978-0-470-10976-2. Teixeira, R., Koufteros, X. &Peng, D. (2012).  "Organizational Structure, Integration, and Manufacturing Performance: a Conceptual Model and Propositions." Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management.  5  (1): 69–81. The Tipster. (2013). â€Å"4 Types of Organizational Culture.† Arts FWD. 31 st July 2017. Retrieved from https://artsfwd.org/4-types-org-culture/ Tsai, Y. (2011). "Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior, and Job Satisfaction." BMC Health Services Research BMC Health Serv Res  (11)1, 98. Van V. (2009).  14 Principles of Management (Fall). Retrieved on 31 st July 2017 from ToolsHero: https://www.toolshero /management/14-principles-of-management/

Business Service Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Service Operations - Essay Example The assignment also portrays the layout of services and service delivery network of Tesco. Furthermore, it also illustrates certain important suggestions for developing the service concept and the delivery system of the organisation. Services can generally appear on the basis of different shapes and forms. For instance, in business to consumer organisation, service can arrive in the form of retail services. Moreover, in business to business organisation, services can arrive from consulting services and in non-profit organisations, services can arrive from charity services. Any kind of service can produce additional value for the customer’s at large (Berry, 1995). With this concern, the assignment is based on understanding the service concept of an UK based supermarket retailer named Tesco and recommending effective strategies to develop its various services. Service is fundamentally considered to be an activity or set of procedures that is used for maintaining smooth interrelation with the customers and enhancing the overall business performance. Service concept is a vital method of apprehending the nature of services so that the customers comprehend about what they are receiving and employees also understand about what they are delivering. It is a shared understanding of nature of service which encapsulates information about classifying thoughts, customers’ experience and service outcomes. Service concept is a core task in managing different service operations. It can be used as a central tool in the design, distribution and improvement of services of a particular organisation. Service concept concentrates on a particular market segment and provides limited range of services for both customers and business operations (Fitzsimmons & Fitzsimmons, 2000). In order to be effective, service concept must deliver adequate information in order to make